Environmental Goods and Services in the World Trade Organization

Abstract

As part of the current round of global trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization (WTO), nations will be negotiating the liberalization of environmental goods and services (EGS). The EGS negotiations constitute a new and proactive approach to reconciling trade and environment concerns, providing an arena in which concrete progress can be made in environment and development. Although the negotiations show strong promise for sustainable development, this promise will only be realized if the liberalization takes into account existing market asymmetries and the needs of developing countries. This article examines the potential benefits and adverse impacts of EGS liberalization, the challenge of defining and classifying EGS in the WTO, and some policy suggestions for ensuring that EGS negotiations work toward sustainable development in the world economy.

Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Market-based Instruments and Trade Policies for Environmental Goods: Evidence from Malaysia

“…Market incentives such as tax/fiscal incentives (Bjerkan et al, 2016;Borenstein, 2017;Kedia et al, 2020;Olanipekun, 2016) and business support programmes (subsidies, grants and loans, and trade promotions) (Fischer, 2016;Kanda et al, 2015;Prasetyo et al, 2009;Simmons, 2014) are important for supporting exports. Likewise, trade policies like tariffs (Balineau & de Melo, 2013;Baria et al, 2004;Bucher et al, 2014;Carpentier et al, 2005;Chaytor & Razzaque, 2004;David & Sinclaire-Desgagne, 2010;Frey, 2016;Gunningham, 2011;Hammeren, 2014;Heyes, 2000;Langpap, 2008;de Melo & Vijil, 2014;Nimubona, 2012;Ramos & Chisaria, 2016;Shimshack, 2014;Telle, 2012;Yoo & Kim, 2011;Zhang, 2013) and NTMs (Alavi, 2007;de Melo, 2015;He et al, 2015;Jacob et al, 2017;Sithamparam et al, 2017;Tamini & Sorgho, 2016;Vikhlyaev, 2011) influence trade flows. Hammeren (2014), Balineau and de Melo (2013) and Yoo and Kim (2011) argued that trade liberalization creates a triple-win for trade, development and the environment.…”

O Brasil e as energias renováveis: um estudo sobre as negociações de bens ambientais

“…Para casos com modelos que tenham mais de uma variável explicativa e mais de duas séries com raiz unitária, o procedimento mais correto é o proposto por Johansen (1991), que será descrito na próxima seção.…”

“…Esse método foi proposto inicialmente por Johansen (1988), Johansen e Juselius (1990) e Johansen (1991) devendo ser utilizado quando existir mais de um vetor de cointegração e/ou quando existir endogeneidade das variáveis independentes.…”

“…Johansen (1991) propõe um modelo geral auto-regressivo vetorial (VAR), da seguinte forma: A matriz મ também é representada por મ ൌ હ ᇱ , onde segundo Johansen (1991), é uma matriz de vetores de co-integração ሺn x rሻ e હ é uma matriz ሺn x rሻ de coeficientes de ajustamento (pesos), que informa como cada vetor de co-integração se insere no VAR. Logo, reescrevendo (10), tem-se:…”