Environmental-friendly low-cost direct regeneration of cathode material from spent LiFePO4

A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Principles, Challenges and Opportunities

“…Solid state sintering LFP D-LFP+Li,Fe,P salts, sintering at 650 °C for 10 h in N 2 [33] 147.3 mAh g −1 at 0.2C, 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles D-LFP+new-LFP (3:7), sintering at 700 o C for 8 h in N 2 [34] 144 mAh g −1 at 0.1C, 93.75% capacity retention after 100 cycles D-LFP+Li 2 CO 3, sintering at 650 °C in Ar/H 2 [35] 147.3 mAh g −1 at 0.2C, 95.3% capacity retention after 100 cycles D-LFP+10 at% Li 2 CO 3 +25 wt% sucrose, sintering at 650 °C for 12h [36] 148 mAh g −1 at 0.05C, 92.9% capacity retention after 100 cycles LCO D-LCO+Li 2 CO 3 (molar ratio of Li/Co:1.05), sintering at 900 °C for 12h [37] 152.4 mAh g −1 at 30 mA g −1 , 98.36% capacity retention after 80 cycles D-LCO+ Li 2 CO 3, sintering at 850 o C for 12 h in air [38] 151 mAh g −1 at 0.2C, 93.7% capacity retention after 30 cycels…”

A Facile and Effective Method to Strip and Recycle Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Materials

“…Meanwhile, the maximum discharge specific capacity achieved was 158.6 mAh g À 1 , and even after 100 cycles, it still maintained a value of 154 mAh g À 1 , corresponding to a capacity retention rate of 97.3 %. [2] Figure 7c depicts the charging and discharging curves of the D-LFP samples at different rates. When the rate was increased from 0.1 C to 5 C, both charging and discharge specific capacities gradually decreased.…”

“…[1] Thus, LFP batteries find extensive applications in new energy vehicles, 3C igital, consumer lithium battery products, and various other fields. [2] Among these, new energy vehicles account for the largest proportion of applications due to their significant market size. However, it is noteworthy that the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries typically ranges from 6 to 8 years.…”

Construction of a Preoxidation and Cation Doping Regeneration Strategy to Improve Rate Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO4 Materials

“…17,18 However, the direct regeneration method is only suitable for materials that are slightly degraded. 19,20 In addition, direct regeneration methods cannot remove coating carbon, conductive carbon, and decomposed carbon in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) when separating the SLFP and the aluminum foil, resulting in unsatisfactory performance of recycled materials. Therefore, it is necessary to explore suitable methods to improve the performance of deteriorated batteries.…”

“…Advances in electric vehicles and renewable grid energy storage systems have promoted the thriving of lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry. – In particular, the production of LIBs for electric vehicles could increase from 0.33 to 4 million tons between 2015 and 2040. – LiFePO 4 (LFP) has a huge lithium-ion battery market share owing to its safety, environmental protection, and low cost . Millions of LFP are nearing their service life and must be disposed of properly on reaching end-of-life. – There have been many research studies conducted on the recycling of spent LIBs. , However, due to the inexpensive production of LFP batteries, traditional metallurgical technologies are uneconomic for spent LiFePO 4 (SLFP) regeneration. – The direct regeneration method prevents complicated separation processes and makes full use of battery elements, which is considered as a promising recycling scheme. , However, the direct regeneration method is only suitable for materials that are slightly degraded. , In addition, direct regeneration methods cannot remove coating carbon, conductive carbon, and decomposed carbon in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) when separating the SLFP and the aluminum foil, resulting in unsatisfactory performance of recycled materials. Therefore, it is necessary to explore suitable methods to improve the performance of deteriorated batteries.…”