Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans

Czuczwa, Jean M.; Hites, Ronald A.

doi:10.1021/es00124a010

Cited by 264 publications

(141 citation statements)

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“…10 Several studies that investigated both sources and environmental samples based their results on only a limited number of samples. 1,12 Therefore, in this study, we intended to identify characteristic homologue patterns from various incinerators. Both stack gas and fly ash samples from a number of different incinerators were analyzed, yielding an extensive data set that includes PCDD/F levels and homologue patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels and Characteristic Homologue Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Incinerator Emissions and in Air Collected Near an Incinerator

Chang

Ikonomou

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were monitored in stack gas and fly ash of various Korean incinerators and in air samples collected near the facilities. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in emissions were investigated, and characteristic PCDD/F homologue patterns were classified using statistical analyses. The PCDD/F emission levels in stack gas and fly ash samples from small incinerators (SIs) were higher than those from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). The PCDD/F concentrations ranged between 0.38 and 1.16 pg I-TEQ/m 3 (21.2-75.2 pg/m 3 ) in ambient air samples. The lower-chlorinated furans were the dominant components in most of the stack gas and fly ash samples from SIs, although this was not the case for fly ash from MSWIs. This homologue pattern is consistent with other studies reporting a high fraction of lower-chlorinated furans in most environmental samples affected by incinerator emissions, and it can be used as an indicator to assess the impact of such facilities on the surrounding environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various homologue patterns in fly ash have been reported. 12,18,21 In some of these studies, although the furans were dominant, the contents of dioxin increased as the number of substituted Cl increased. 18,21 A similar tendency was observed in group 1 samples.…”

Section: Incineratormentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels and Characteristic Homologue Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Incinerator Emissions and in Air Collected Near an Incinerator

Chang

Ikonomou

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Another category of compounds of global concern is dioxins including co-PCB. Surveys on the status of their pollution has been carried out in sediment cores (Czuczwa and Hites, 1984;Kjeller and Rappe, 1995;Juttner et al, 1997;Vartiainen et al, 1997;Wu et al, 1997) and indicates that dioxin pollution is now in remediation in developed countries, although sediment cores from remote lakes in Germany and Finland showed increasing trends until recent years (Vartiainen et al, 1997). The abovementioned compounds can enter into the sea through coastal processes (riverine discharges and run-off homeland), perhaps to be stored in sediments at the seabed or diluted and dispersed across the continental shelf and beyond to the global ocean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of trace organic contaminants in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Nanpaiwu River, North China

Hu¹,

Wan²,

Shao

et al. 2005

Marine Chemistry

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Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (penta-CB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (coPCBs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDTs, including p,pV -DDT; o,pV -DDT; p,pV -DDD; o,pV -DDD; p,pV -DDE; o,pV -DDE; p,pV -DDMU), nonylphenol (NP), and nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) were measured in sedimentary cores from Bohai Bay (one core) and its adjacent river, the Nanpaiwu River (two cores), North China. While a-, h-, and g-HCHs were detected in similar abundance in the two cores from the Nanpaiwu River, only a-HCH was detected in the Bohai Bay core, suggesting that a-HCH might be more resistant to degradation than h-or g-HCHs. The concentrations of HCHs and HCB in the core from Bohai Bay were in the range of 0.8-140 and 9.1-1300 ng/g dry wt, respectively, whereas in the cores from the Nanpaiwu River, the maximum concentrations of HCHs and HCB reached 84,200 and 141,400 ng/g dry wt, respectively. There was a similarity of sedimentary profiles between HCHs and HCB in the three cores. The concentration of PCDDs/DFs in Bohai Bay was 0.5-3.5 ng/g dry wt [1.6-6.4 toxic equivalents (TEQ) world health organization (WHO) pg/g], far lower than the concentrations in the core samples taken from the Nanpaiwu River (the maximum concentration: 9200 ng/g dry wt; 22,000 TEQ WHO pg/g). The congener profiles of PCDD/DFs and co-PCB in the cores were similar to those in PCP, and the concentration of co-PCBs was related to that of PCDDs/DFs. In addition, the concentrations of HCH, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and co-PCB all decreased linearly relative to total organic carbon content (TOC) in surface sediment from the river to Bohai Bay. The concentration of DDTs ranged from 1.6 to 12.3 ng/g dry wt in Bohai Bay, significantly different from the profiles from the Napaiwu River (29.3 ng/g dry wt). An abundance of the compounds o,pV -DDE and o,pV -DDD were detected in the cores. The sedimentary profiles of NP and NPEOs were similar, and two peak concentrations of NP/NPEOs were found at the subsurface and subbottom in the core from Bohai Bay, respectively. The concentration of NP and NPEOs in the cores from the Nanpaiwu

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“…The levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in biotic samples can vary depending on local contamination sources. In general, the pattern of these compounds in extracts from human samples resemble, in part, the combustion and atmospheric pattern, with OCDD being the dominant congener ( sediments (43)(44)(45) and the low to nondetectable levels in fish indicate that OCDD is not readily absorbed and/or retained in fish tissue. In summary, it is evident that the PCBs, PCDD, and PCDFs in the environment and human tissues are present as complex mixtures of isomers and congeners, and risk assessment approaches for these compounds must take into account this feature of congener multiplicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Bioassays and Approaches for the Risk Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Related Compounds

Safe¹

1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) are industrial compounds or by-products that have been identified as contaminants in almost every component ofthe global ecosystem. 2,3,7, is the most toxic HAH, and studies in rodents have shown that this compound is a carcinogen. Analysis of environmental samples for HAHs has shown that these extracts contain complex mixtures of isomers and congeners, and this greatly complicates risk assessment due to the paucity of data available for most of the individual compounds. Extensive research has demonstrated a common receptor-mediated mechanism of action for TCDD and related toxic HAHs, and this has led to the development of a mechanism-based risk assessment approach for HAHs. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs; relative potency compared to TCDD) have been developed for selected HAH congeners, and the TEF values can be used to determine "toxic equivalents" (TEQs) for HAH mixtures. In addition, several bioassays that use receptor-mediated end points have been developed and can be used directly to determine the TEQs for HAH mixtures. The applications ofthe TEF/TEQ approach for the risk assessment of HAHs are considerable, particularly with the conversion of complex analytical data into TEQs. However, there appear to be several limitations to this approach, particularly with PCBs because their potential nonadditive (antagonistic), interactive effects with "2,3,7,8-TCDD-like" compounds may invalidate the use of the risk assessment procedure for some environmental matrices.

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Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans

Cited by 264 publications

References 17 publications

Levels and Characteristic Homologue Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Incinerator Emissions and in Air Collected Near an Incinerator

Levels and Characteristic Homologue Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Incinerator Emissions and in Air Collected Near an Incinerator

Occurrence of trace organic contaminants in Bohai Bay and its adjacent Nanpaiwu River, North China

Development of Bioassays and Approaches for the Risk Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Related Compounds

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