Environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide

Conway, Richard A.; Waggy, Gene T.; Spiegel, Milton H.; Berglund, Ronald L.

doi:10.1021/es00108a009

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…corresponds to the order of chemicals in the CEllSens chemical list. b Data taken from U.S. EPA fathead minnow database (), data collated by Russom et al (LC 50 -values derived based on measured concentrations in flow-through exposure systems) with the following exceptions: (i) taken from Call et al and (ii) taken from Spacie et al c Highest tested concentration instead of LC 50 or EC 50 . d Mean of log LC 50 (mM) fathead minnow −1.63 (followed EPA procedure) and −1.11 (from MP Biomedicals Inc., Material Safety data sheet (); 96 h, static setup). e Observed dominant sublethal endpoints at 48 h of exposure that were used to derive the respective EC 50 -values are indicated as heart edema, f yolk sack edema, g deformation of axis, h deformation of tail, i deformation of the head, j slowed heartbeat, k delay in development. l PC: positive control; MOA: mode of action; NPN: non-polar narcosis; PN: polar narcosis; AChE: Acetylcholine Esterase inhibiton; R. blocker: blocker of respiratory chain; uncoupler: uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation; neurotox: neurotoxicity; CI: confidence interval …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Knöbel

Busser

Rico-Rico

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

126

105

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The zebrafish embryo toxicity test has been proposed as an alternative for the acute fish toxicity test, which is required by various regulations for environmental risk assessment of chemicals. We investigated the reliability of the embryo test by probing organic industrial chemicals with a wide range of physicochemical properties, toxicities, and modes of toxic action. Moreover, the relevance of using measured versus nominal (intended) exposure concentrations, inclusion of sublethal endpoints, and different exposure durations for the comparability with reported fish acute toxicity was explored. Our results confirm a very strong correlation of zebrafish embryo to fish acute toxicity. When toxicity values were calculated based on measured exposure concentrations, the slope of the type II regression line was 1 and nearly passed through the origin (1 to 1 correlation). Measured concentrations also explained several apparent outliers. Neither prolonged exposure (up to 120 h) nor consideration of sublethal effects led to a reduced number of outliers. Yet, two types of compounds were less lethal to embryos than to adult fish: a neurotoxic compound acting via sodium channels (permethrin) and a compound requiring metabolic activation (allyl alcohol).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Knöbel

Busser

Rico-Rico

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

126

105

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“…The EC 50 (half maximum effective concentration) for (2b) after 24 h and 48 h was found to be 15.0 mg•L −1 and 7.0 mg•L −1 , respectively. This level of ecotoxicity can be considered as similar to most widely used surfactants nowadays, e.g., sodium monododecyl sulfate, which exhibited the 48 h EC 50 for D. magna in the range from 8.2 to 9.0 mg•L −1 [17].…”

Section: Toxicity and Biodegradability Of β-Alkyl Aspartatesmentioning

confidence: 59%

Unsubstituted <i>β</i>-Alkyl Aspartates as Highly Biodegradable and Almost Nontoxic Surfactants

Briča¹,

Kļaviņš²,

Zicmanis³

2016

GSC

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Zwitterionic surfactants-β-alkyl aspartates are prepared by the addition reaction of ammonia to alkyl maleates. Factors are discussed that influence the quality and yields of obtained β-alkyl aspartates. Structures of obtained surfactants are confirmed by 1 H NMR and IR spectra. The applicability of these materials is characterized by evaluation of their surface activity, toxicity and biodegradability.

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“…Ethylene oxide has a molecular weight of 44, a vapor pressure of 1305 torr at 25"C, and is completely soluble in water [8]. Ethylene oxide is produced by the direct vapor phase oxidation of ethylene over a silver catalyst at 10 to 30 atmospheres pressure and 200°C to 300°C.…”

Section: Ethylene Oxide Production Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fugitive emissions from the ethylene oxide production industry

Berglund¹,

Romano

Randall

1990

Environ. Prog.

Self Cite

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As new programs are initiated by industry and federal or state regulatory agencies to reduce releases of hazardous air pollutants and reactive volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere, there are increasing questions over the loss of organic compounds from fugitive sources, the best method to estimate these losses, and the factors that influence these losses. The presently established method is to use generalized emission factors for each specific piece of equipment comprising a process unit. The accuracy of the estimates obtained using the available emission factors depends upon two features. These are first, the precision and accuracy of the actual emission factors or correlations themselves, and second, the resemblance of the systems from which the correlations were developed to those for which they will be applied. INTRODUCTIONSignificant fugitive emissions can occur due to design factors and inadequate monitoring or maintenance. To develop the existing industry-wide fugitive emission factors, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored an extensive sampling program and analyzed a large amount of data collected from various types of operating units. Based upon this analysis they determined that although much of the equipment in a process unit leaks to some degree, a small percentage with significant leaks contribute most of the equipment mass emissions from a typical unit. Following extensive public review and comment, the EPA evaluated the cost effectiveness of alternative control techniques for minimizing fugitive emissions, and defined a cost effective cutoff which would determine when a leak is of sufficient magnitude to warrant repair [ I ] . This cutoff, based upon a hydrocarbon screening measurement at the potential leak interface, was set at a concentration level of 10,000 ppm. In the absence of any data to the contrary, the present regulatory policy to apply these factors is to assume that leaking equipment of a specific type (i.e., gas valves, liquid valves, flanges, pumps, etc.) within a process unit tends to emit similar quantities of VOC as leaking equipment of the same type in another process unit [2]. Once a component is defined as leaking (i.e., above the 10,000 ppm cuton), it is assumed to have VOC emissions at a certain average mass rate. Similarly, if the equipment of a specific type is defined as 'nonleaking' (i.e., below the 10,000 ppm cutofn, it is assumed to have emissions at a certain lower average mass rate. The average leak rate for specific types of equipment in a process unit was determined using a composite of the leaking and non-leaking equipment [3]. These fugitive emission factors for leaking, non-leaking and average equipment were known as the SOCMI (Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry) Fugitive Emission Factors. Up to the present time, state and federal regulatory staff have been limited to using these factors to estimate fugitive emissions of organic compounds from typical process units in developing emission inventories or specific emission s...

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Environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Unsubstituted <i>β</i>-Alkyl Aspartates as Highly Biodegradable and Almost Nontoxic Surfactants

Fugitive emissions from the ethylene oxide production industry

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Environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Predicting Adult Fish Acute Lethality with the Zebrafish Embryo: Relevance of Test Duration, Endpoints, Compound Properties, and Exposure Concentration Analysis

Unsubstituted &lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;-Alkyl Aspartates as Highly Biodegradable and Almost Nontoxic Surfactants

Fugitive emissions from the ethylene oxide production industry

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Product

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About

Unsubstituted <i>β</i>-Alkyl Aspartates as Highly Biodegradable and Almost Nontoxic Surfactants