Environmental fate and effects of organophosphate flame retardants in the soil-plant system

Abstract

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are of increasing concern due to their high production over the years. Soil is the major environmental reservoir and interchange for OPFRs. OPFRs in soil could be transferred to the food chain, and pose potential ecological and human health risks. This review focused on the environmental fate and effects of typical OPFRs in the soil-plant system. We concluded that the sorption and transformation behaviors of OPFRs due to their crucial impact on bioavailability. The root uptake and translocation of OPFRs by plants were summarized with analyses of their potential affecting factors. The in planta transformation and potential ecological effects of OPFRs were also briefly discussed. Finally, we highlighted several research gaps and provided suggestions for future research, including the development of simulative/computative methods to evaluate the bioavailability of OPFRs, the effects of root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms on the bioavailability and plant uptake of OPFRs, and the development of green and sustainable technologies for in situ remediation of OPFRs-contaminated soil.

Identification of Novel Organophosphate Esters in Hydroponic Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.): Biotransformation and Acropetal Translocation

“…As compared with previous studies on the absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of OPEs in plants, ,− ,− we further found that the lateral root can be a major site for the accumulation of OPEs and the transport from the lateral root to the axial root can be a rate-limiting process for the acropetal translocation. Meanwhile, the biotransformation of OPEs in lateral root is also pronounced, which is likely associated with their high enzyme activity per unit area as compared with axial roots .…”

Pollution Characteristics and Risk Evaluation of PAHs in Subsidence Water Bodies in Huainan Coal Mining Area, China

“…The low molecular weight PAHs below four rings mainly originated from petroleum pollution and the combustion of wood and coal in the low to medium temperature range, while the high molecular weight PAHs above four rings mainly originated from the high temperature combustion of fossil fuels [54]. In this study area, the concentration of PAHs above four rings was high.…”

A review on the fate and effects of contaminants in biosolids applied on land: Hazards and government regulatory policies

“…[ 84 ]. Common flame retardants such as organo-phosphate and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) [ 84 ] have long-term persistence in the soil and will undergo transformation, translocation, sorption, and root-uptake processes once in the environment [ 149 ]. They negatively affect public health and are toxic to the environment [ 84 ].…”