Environmental Factors Limiting Emergence and Longevity of Male California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

Yan, Jwo-Yee; Isman, Murray B.

doi:10.1093/ee/15.4.971

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Yan and Isman (1986) reported a similar result for the longevity of males at constant 20 and 25ЊC temperatures. In the current study, 63 and 34 winged males (out of 80 individuals) were still alive 28 and 40 h, respectively, after holding them at a constant 22.8ЊC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…More males died as pupae at 50% RH than with any other life stage. Studies with other scale species have suggested the importance of high relative humidity; for example Yan and Isman (1986) showed that suboptimal humidity levels delayed emergence and decreased survival of A. aurantii. Survival of prepupae and pupae of citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock), were also signiÞcantly affected by relative humidity (60 and 70%) (AriasÐ Reveró n and Browning 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental Biology of an Exotic Scale, <I>Acutaspis albopicta</I> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

et al. 2012

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Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) is one of seven exotic scale species detected on shipments of'Hass' avocados entering California from Mexico. Here, we present the results of experiments to elucidate basic life history parameters of this species. The scale only reproduces sexually with unmated females producing no offspring. Unmated females survived up to 14 wk after settling on host fruits, whereas males survived for up to 62 h, with the majority dying within 46 h after emergence. Females laid a mean of 52.0 +/- 2.8 eggs (range, 5-171 eggs). Lower humidity (50%) was detrimental to the survival of male scales compared with high humidity (75%), especially during the pupal stage. The optimal temperature for development of both sexes was 25 degrees C. At this temperature, females developed from first instars to adults in approximately 28 d, whereas males emerged from their pupal cases after approximately 37 d. The adjusted lower developmental thresholds for females and males were 13.2 and 13.4 degrees C, respectively. The upper developmental threshold for both females and males was approximately 32 degrees C. Total development from first instar to adult female was 329 degree days and to emerged male, 433 degree days.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Biology of an Exotic Scale, <I>Acutaspis albopicta</I> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

et al. 2012

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“…Those of the pine bast scale Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer and Harpaz (Coccoidea; Matsucoccidae) emerge in the early morning and are dead at midday (Mendel et al ., 1990). Almost all males of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Coccoidea: Diaspididae) that emerged during a given afternoon were dead the next morning (Yan & Isman, 1986). The males of the lac scale, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (= Laccifer lacca) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) live for 62 to 91 h (Misra, 1931).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual maturation and aging of adult male mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Mendel

Protasov

Jasrotia

et al. 2011

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The physiological age of adult males of seven mealybug species was measured in relation to the elongation of the male pair of the waxy caudal filaments. These filaments begin to emerge after eclosion and reached their maximum length from 29.4-46.6 h. The studied males were divided into three age groups, expressed as percentages of the total waxy caudal filaments length. Attraction to a sex pheromone source was significantly higher in the oldest male group (maximum filaments growth) compared with youngest one. Only the oldest male group copulated successfully; few of the younger males tested displayed 'courtship' behavior towards conspecific virgin females. The calculated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male life cycle varied among species ranging from 34.4 to 46.6 h. There were marked variations in the strength of attraction to a pheromone source according to time of day. There was a continuous decrease in sexual activity from morning to evening. Our findings reveal clear maturation periods for adult males of the seven studied species. The long immature phase of the adult male mealybug is probably also related to several physiological processes that are needed to complete male maturation. The most noticeable change is the elongation of the waxy caudal filaments. However, mating may be performed at any time ambient conditions are suitable. Whereas male mealybug flight towards a pheromone source is restricted to a few hours, the male may continue mating activity throughout its sexually active period.

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“…1) has an orangish appearance with a transversal dark brown band on the back and transparent wings, a size from 0.6 mm to 0.8 mm and a wingspan of 1.5 mm, approximately [4]. It has a short life cycle of 8 h on average, with the only purpose of fertilizing the female, leading to a high reproduction rate and from two to six generations per year [5,6]; for this reason, the fast and accurate control of this pest is crucial. This is the most important pest in most citrus-growing areas of the world, which are distributed in almost 90 countries from Europe over North, Central and South America, Africa, Central and South Asia to Oceania [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of spectral information for red scale pest control

García-Guerra¹,

Burgos-Fernández²,

Canals³

et al. 2021

cic

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Decreasing the use of pesticides is one of the main goals of current agriculture, which requires fast, precise and continuous assessments of crop pests. Citrus pests cause a lot of damage worldwide and the techniques to evaluate them are mainly based on manual, time-consuming readings of insects stuck on traps spread over the crops. This is the case of red scale insects, whose control is notably challenging due to their small size and high reproduction rate. Hence, in this work, we carry out a spectral characterization of this insect in the visible range through spectrometric devices, microscopy and hyperspectral imaging technology to analyze the feasibility of using this information as a means of automatically identifying specimens belonging to this species in this era of precision agriculture. The results obtained show that spectral reflectance differences between red scales and other insects can be recorded at long (red) wavelengths and that red scales are morphologically different, i.e., smaller and more rounded. A reflectance ratio computed from spectral images taken at 774 nm and 410 nm is proposed as a new approach for automated discrimination of red scales from other insects.

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Environmental Factors Limiting Emergence and Longevity of Male California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Developmental Biology of an Exotic Scale, <I>Acutaspis albopicta</I> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Developmental Biology of an Exotic Scale, <I>Acutaspis albopicta</I> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Sexual maturation and aging of adult male mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Use of spectral information for red scale pest control

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