Environmental factors affecting the standing crop of foraminifera in sublittoral and psammolittoral communities of a Long Island salt marsh

Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat: a baseline study of living (stained) benthic foraminiferal ecology

“…These features are in contrast to the attached, immobile, trochospiral epifaunal species (e.g., Cibicides lobatulus, Rosalina spp; see Kitazato, 1988) which are typically planoconvex. Although A. beccarii and T. inflata have been recorded in small numbers in epiphytic communities (Matera and Lee, 1972), they are most commonly found living within the sediments (e.g., Steineck and Bergstein, 1979;Langer et al, 1989;Goldstein and Harben, 1993;Ozarko et al, 1997) and none of them seems to live in symbiotic association with algae or algal chloroplasts (Knight and Mantoura, 1985). Both in culture and field studies, Langer et al (1989) observed A. beccarii to dig itself into the sediment surface with a cork-screw movement, and the direction of the rotation corresponds to the growth direction.…”

Laboratory experiments on the vertical movement of Quinqueloculina impressa Reuss through sand

“…In the past few yeais several researchers have found living foraminifera beneath the surface of the sediment (e.g., Richter, 1961;Buzas, 1965;1974;1977;BoJtovskoy, 1966;Brooks, 1967;Lee and others, 1969;Akers, 1971;Schäfer, 1971;Ellison, 1972;Frankel, 1972;1975a;1975b;Matera and Lee, 1972;Collison, 1980). Buzas (1965) and Lee and others (1969) concluded that some foraminifera are infaunal rather than epifaunal.…”

Vertical distribution of Foraminifera in the Indian River, Florida

“…We have known for some time now (Richter, 1961;Buzas, 1965;Boltovskoy, 1966;Brooks, 1967;Ellison, 1972;Matera and Lee, 1972;Buzas, 1974) that foraminifera live beneath the surface of the sediment. My suggestion (Buzas, 1965) of an infaunal rather than an epifaunal (Myers, 1943) life style has been substantiated by Frankel (1972Frankel ( , 1975 who demonstrated reproduction and feeding beneath the surface.…”