Environmental equity in a sunbelt city: the spatial distribution of toxic hazards in Phoenix, Arizona

A multi-dimensional classification and equity analysis of an urban park system: A novel methodology and case study application

“…Biodiversity protection in urban parks is positively correlated with size, wherein larger parks tend to support higher levels of both native and nonnative biodiversity (Faeth, Bang, & Saari, 2011). Distance from the city core reflects a basic, but relevant measure of urban location and equity in this study, as poor, minority populations in Phoenix are clustered near the urban core, whereas wealthier, white residents are concentrated in newer suburban developments outside the city center (Bolin et al, 2000(Bolin et al, , 2005Sicotte, 2003).…”

“…Given that many of these desert mountain parks were preserved because they were undevelopable (Gober, 2006), wealthy neighborhoods likely developed around these sites. On the other hand, as these parks are concentrated in suburban zones, the correlations may be a reflection of environmental racism in Phoenix and "white flight" out of the center city to outlying suburbs (Pulido, 2000), a display of economic and racial segregation that began in Phoenix in the 1920s and still marks the urban landscape today (Bolin et al, 2000(Bolin et al, , 2005Sicotte, 2003). Indeed it is possible that the correlation between wealthy, white residents and parks outside the city center is a product of all of these phenomena.…”

“…Environmental justice scholars assert that the city maintains a history of environmental racism, the product of "pervasive racial exclusion, class domination, political disenfranchisement, and a racially segmented economy" (Bolin, Grineski, & Collins, 2005, 157). As early as the 1920s, white residents had largely abandoned central Phoenix for "racially exclusive white suburbs," leaving an economically disadvantaged minority in the urban core (Bolin et al, 2000;Bolin, Grineski, & Collins, 2005, 158;Sicotte, 2003). This pattern of economic and racial segregation, with poor minorities in the inner city and affluent whites in the outlying suburbs, remains to this day.…”

Expert system classification of urban land use/cover for Delhi, India

“…Our second aim is to use our classified image to document the extent of urbanization for Delhi, India. This type of documentation provides support for human impact investigations related to biodiversity and ecological changes (Martin 2001, Hope et al, 2003, Berling-Wolff and Wu 2004, Miltner et al 2004, Long and Schorr 2005, Stefanov and Netzband 2005, air pollution and climate (Mennis and Jordan 2005, Grossman-Clark et al 2005, Hawkins et al 2004, Bolin et al 2000, and spread of diseases (Barbieri et al 2005).…”

Exploring patterns of environmental injustice in the Global South: Maquiladoras in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

“…First, they are highly relevant to Ciudad Juárez since it is a manufacturing center (Heyman 2007). Second, while maquiladoras have not yet been used in environmental justice studies, they are comparable to TRI facilities, the most commonly employed data source in environmental justice research in the US (e.g., Bolin et al 2000;Mennis 2005). 2 They are comparable because both include similar types of factories.…”