Environmental contamination at Finnish shooting ranges—the scope of the problem and management options

Sorvari, Jaana; Antikainen, Riina; Pyy, Outi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.019

Cited by 91 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Annual lead (Pb) loadings of up to six tonnes were reported on three Danish shooting ranges (Jorgensen and Willems, 1987). In Finland, a survey identified more than 2000 outdoor shooting ranges, both military and civilian, with an estimated annual deposit of approximately 500 kg Pb per range (Sorvari et al, 2006). In Switzerland, more than 2000 shooting ranges are used for the regular shooting practice of civilian militia and sports (Mozafar et al, 2002) resulting in an annual deposition of more than 400 t of Pb into soils (Johnson et al, 2005;Robinson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods

Luo

Verweij

Gestel

2014

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tThis study aimed at assessing the bioavailability and toxicity of lead to Eisenia andrei in shooting range soils representing different land uses (forest, grassland, bullet plot). Soils contained 47e2398 mg Pb/kg dry weight (dw), but also had different pH-CaCl 2 (3.2e6.8) and organic matter contents (3.8e13%). Therefore artificial soils with different pH and organic matter contents and two natural soils were included as control soils. Earthworms were exposed for 28 days and toxicity and uptake of Pb were related to total, water and 0.01 M CaCl 2 extractable and porewater Pb concentrations as well as to soil characteristics. Pb uptake in the earthworms linearly increased with increasing soil concentrations. At >2000 mg Pb/kg dw and pH 3.3e3.5, high earthworm mortality with significant weight loss and complete inhibition of reproduction were recorded. At <1000 mg/kg dw, earthworm reproduction was more related to differences in pH and other soil characteristics than to Pb.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods

Luo

Verweij

Gestel

2014

Environmental Pollution

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“…[1,5] In Switzerland, for example, 10 to 25 tonnes (,10-25 Mg) of Sb enter the pedosphere every year on more than 2000 shooting ranges [6,7] ; and in the United States, shooting activities deposit ,1900 tonnes (,1.9 Gg) of Sb annually [8] on ,12 000 firing ranges. [9] Also in Finland [10,11] and Norway, [12] contamination of shooting range soils by Sb has become a focus of attention. Antimony compounds are considered pollutants of primary concern [13,14] because of their high acute toxicity, chronic health effects, and potential carcinogenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimony leaching from contaminated soil under manganese- and iron-reducing conditions: column experiments

et al. 2014

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Environmental context. Contamination of shooting range soils by antimony (Sb) released from corroding ammunition has become an issue of public environmental concern. Because many of these sites are subject to waterlogging and consequently limited aeration, we performed column experiments with contaminated shooting range soil to investigate Sb mobility under such conditions. The results are important for our understanding of the risks arising from Sb-contaminated soils, and also for the derivation of appropriate management strategies for such sites.Abstract. Despite the environmental risks arising from antimony-contaminated sites, critical factors controlling the mobility of Sb in soils have still not been fully identified to date. We performed column experiments to investigate how reducing conditions affect Sb leaching from a calcareous shooting range soil, with a special focus on the relationship between Sb release and mineral dissolution processes. After eluting the columns for 5 days with 15 mM lactate solution at a flow rate of 33 mm day À1 , the flow was interrupted for 37 days and then resumed for another 5 days. With the transition to moderately reducing conditions (,300 mV) after 1 day of flow, effluent Sb V and manganese (Mn) concentrations showed a concomitant increase, providing evidence that Sb V associated to these phases was released by the reductive dissolution of Mn minerals. The release of Sb V was counteracted by the reduction to Sb III , which was first scavenged by iron (Fe) (hydr) oxides and then slowly liberated again when the redox potential further decreased to Fe-reducing conditions. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of an initial pool of Sb associated with Mn-containing, Fe-free phases, underpinning the important role of the latter in addition to Fe (hydr)oxides as Sb sorbents.

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“…In situ remediation method can be used to reduce the possibility of leaching of lead to groundwater. An immediate and economic Baseline (pH 4) solution to this problem is by artificially increasing recalcitrant soil OM (i.e., activated carbon, biochar) to increase immobilization of soil Pb. Further study on the bore waters and air borne particles at the shooting range is warranted to understand the actual migration and impact of soil Pb to water resources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High level of lead may affect local and migratory, aquatic and terrestrial biota. The risk of lead contamination in groundwater system is higher with high content of lead in shooting range soil [4], and close proximity of groundwater table to the surface of shooting range soil. As groundwater is used as daily drinking water, these contaminations may affect human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF RAIN pH, SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND TOTAL LEAD CONTENT IN SHOOTING RANGE SOIL ON THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN LEACHATE

Yong

Zin

Ariff

2016

MJAS

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Leaching of lead (Pb) from the shooting range soil may contaminate water resource if rain pH decreases and soil has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Over exposure of Pb may cause brain injury and death. In this study, leaching of Pb from shooting range soil was simulated with column leaching test using artificial rain at pH 4 and 7. Soil physico-chemical parameters (i.e. pH, organic matter (OM), and CEC) were determined, and its' correlation with Pb concentrations in soil (Soil Pb) and leachate (Leachate Pb) were studied using Pearson's correlation. Compare to control soil, shooting range soil has higher contents of Pb (12,163 -17,278 mg/kg, dry weight basis) and sand (64 -68 %). The CEC value of shooting range soil (193 cmol/kg at pH 7) is lower than those in control soil (85 -140 cmol/kg at pH 7), possibly due to low contents of clay and OM. There is positive correlation between Soil Pb and Leachate Pb variable pair (r = 0.94; p = 0.06); while Soil OM and Leachate Pb variable pair has a negative correlation (r = -0.94; p = 0.06). In conclusion, the combination of high soil Pb content, low CEC, and low rain pH increases leaching of Pb from shooting range soil.Keywords: lead shots, heavy metal, groundwater, acid rain, sorption Abstrak Larut lesap Pb daripada tanah lapang sasar boleh mencemarkan sumber air jika nilai pH hujan menurun dan tanah mempunyai keupayaan pertukaran kation (CEC) yang rendah. Pendedahan Pb yang keterlaluan boleh menyebabkan kecederaan otak dan kematian. Dalam kajian ini, larut lesap Pb dari tanah lapang sasar telah disimulasikan dengan ujian larut lesap turus menggunakan air hujan tiruan pada pH 4 dan 7. Parameter tanah (iaitu, pH, jirim organik (OM), dan CEC) telah ditentukan, dan dikaji korelasinya dengan kepekatan Pb di dalam tanah dan larut resap dengan menggunakan korelasi Pearson. Berbanding dengan tanah kawalan, kandungan Pb (12163 -17278 mg/kg, secara berat kering) dan pasir (64 -68 %) pada tanah lapang sasar adalah lebih tinggi. Nilai CEC tanah lapang sasar (193 cmol/kg pada pH 7) adalah lebih rendah daripada tanah kawalan (85 -140 cmol/kg pada pH 7), mungkin disebabkan oleh kandungan rendah tanah liat dan jirim organik. Terdapat hubungan yang positif antara pasangan pemboleh ubah Pb tanah dan Pb larut lesap (r = 0.94; p = 0.06); manakala pasangan pemboleh ubah jirim organik tanah dan Pb larut lesap mempunyai korelasi negatif (r = -0,94; p = 0.06). Kesimpulannya, gabungan faktor-faktor seperti kandungan Pb yang tinggi di dalam tanah, nilai CEC tanah yang rendah dan nilai pH hujan yang rendah boleh meningkatkan risiko larut lesap Pb dari tanah lapang sasar.Kata kunci: peluru plumbum, logam berat, air bawah tanah, hujan berasid, jerapan

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Environmental contamination at Finnish shooting ranges—the scope of the problem and management options

Cited by 91 publications

References 20 publications

Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods

Determining the bioavailability and toxicity of lead contamination to earthworms requires using a combination of physicochemical and biological methods

Antimony leaching from contaminated soil under manganese- and iron-reducing conditions: column experiments

EFFECTS OF RAIN pH, SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND TOTAL LEAD CONTENT IN SHOOTING RANGE SOIL ON THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN LEACHATE

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