Environmental contaminants in human milk

Anderson, Henry A.; Wolff, Mary S.

doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500133

Cited by 79 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…This seems plausible, given that halogenated organic compounds such as PBB and PCB can be transferred from mother to infant during breastfeeding (Eyster et al, 1983;Jacobson et al, 1984Jacobson et al, , 1989Anderson and Wolff, 2000). In contrast to our finding, when pregnancy and breast-feeding were treated time independently, Blanck et al (2000a) found no association with breast-feeding and a marginally significant association between slower serum PBB decay and increasing parity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…In addition, there is some evidence that PBBs have endocrinedisrupting properties in humans (Blanck et al, 2000b;Davis et al, 2005). PBB exposure is of special concern to the fetus and neonate because it can cross the placenta and is concentrated in breast milk (Wolff et al, 1982;Eyster et al, 1983;Jacobson et al, 1989;Anderson and Wolff, 2000). The highest PBB concentrations in the body are found in adipose tissue, but PBBs can be detected at lower concentrations in serum and other tissues (Eyster et al, 1983;Miceli et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A decay model for assessing polybrominated biphenyl exposure among women in the Michigan Long-Term PBB Study

Terrell

Manatunga

Small

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The Michigan Long-Term PBB Study was established following exposure to polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in the early 1970s. Serum samples from cohort members were analyzed for PBB during 1976-1993. More than 20 years following this industrial incident, some participants still had measurable serum PBB concentration levels. Thus, there is continuing interest in understanding the elimination of PBB from the body. In the present study, we estimated serum PBB decay and investigated the effects of covariates on serum PBB decay rates among 406 female cohort members. We developed a decay model using a general linear mixed model, which attributes unique intercept and slope estimates for each individual while borrowing information across individuals for predicting these quantities. Age at exposure and body mass index (BMI) at the initial measurement were time-independent covariates. Time since exposure, smoking history, pregnancy status, and breast-feeding status were time-dependent covariates. Higher BMI was associated with a slower decay rate; smokers had a faster decay rate than nonsmokers; and increasing age at exposure was marginally associated with a slower decay rate. Our results suggest a faster serum PBB decay rate for women who breast-fed during the interval between serum PBB measurements. To evaluate the predictive performance of our modeling approach, we compared the results from this model with those from a previously developed ordinary least squares (OLS) two-stage decay model. The mixed-effects decay model predicted the observed serum PBB concentration levels significantly better than the OLS two-stage decay model (mixed-effects model, r ¼ 0.93; OLS two-stage model, r ¼ 0.86; Po0.0001).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A decay model for assessing polybrominated biphenyl exposure among women in the Michigan Long-Term PBB Study

Terrell

Manatunga

Small

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…OCPs can be stored in the mother's body and then transferred postnatally from breast milk to the suckling infants, especially when the mother has significant ongoing exposures or has accumulated an unusually high body burden of persistent chemicals [12]. The levels of OCPs in human breast milk have been declined in countries where these chemicals have been banned or otherwise regulated [13].…”

Section: Organochlorine Pesticides (Ocps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactational Exposure to Pesticides: A Review

Salama¹

2017

Toxicol Open Access

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The aim of this study is to review the reports of pesticides have been detected in human breast milk in worldwide. Contamination levels of pesticides such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), carbamates and pyrethroids in human breast milk were found to be varied in different countries. The chemical properties of chemicals such as lack of ionization, small molecular weight, low volume of distribution, low maternal serum protein binding, and high lipid solubility, facilitate compound excretion into human milk. Since exposure to pesticides during the early postnatal stages may disturb the normal development of the newborn, such studies may shed light on the wide variety of pesticides that have been detected in human breast milk.

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“…Generally, chemicals enter breast milk by passive transfer from plasma, and their concentration in milk is proportional to their solubility and lipophilicity (17). Twenty percent or more of maternal body burden of some persistent pollutants, such as PCBs, can be transferred during 6 months of lactation (18).…”

Section: Mini-monograph Edited By Pj Landriganmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical contaminants in breast milk and their impacts on children's health: an overview.

Landrigan

Sonawane

Mattison

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

171

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Human milk is the best source of nutrition for infants. Breast milk contains the optimal balance of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins for developing babies, and it provides a range of benefits for growth, immunity, and development. Unfortunately, breast milk is not pristine. Contamination of human milk is widespread and is the consequence of decades of inadequately controlled pollution of the environment by toxic chemicals. The finding of toxic chemicals in breast milk raises important issues for pediatric practice, for the practice of public health, and for the environmental health research community. It also illuminates gaps in current knowledge including a) insufficient information on the nature and levels of contaminants in breast milk; b) lack of consistent protocols for collecting and analyzing breast milk samples; c) lack of toxicokinetic data; and d) lack of data on health outcomes that may be produced in infants by exposure to chemicals in breast milk. These gaps in information impede risk assessment and make difficult the formulation of evidence-based health guidance. To address these issues, there is a need for a carefully planned and conducted national breast milk monitoring effort in the United States. Additionally, to assess health outcomes of toxic exposures via breast milk, it will be necessary to examine children prospectively over many years in longitudinal epidemiologic studies that use standardized examination protocols that specifically assess breast milk exposures. Finally, current risk assessment methods need to be expanded to include consideration of the potential risks posed to infants and children by exposures to chemical residues in breast milk.

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Environmental contaminants in human milk

Cited by 79 publications

References 34 publications

A decay model for assessing polybrominated biphenyl exposure among women in the Michigan Long-Term PBB Study

A decay model for assessing polybrominated biphenyl exposure among women in the Michigan Long-Term PBB Study

Lactational Exposure to Pesticides: A Review

Chemical contaminants in breast milk and their impacts on children's health: an overview.

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