“…For the first time in 2006, the National State of the Environment (SOE) report considered through selected case studies environmental management by Indigenous peoples (Brown et al 2006). Recent research into the investment in ILSM (Berry et al 2010;Wilson, Edwards, and Smits 2010;Concu 2012;Social Ventures Australia 2016a, 2016b, 2016cAustin et al 2018) has demonstrated a substantial number of environmental benefits including: increased levels of activity in border protection, quarantine, fire management, wildfire abatement, carbon sequestration and trading, weed control, feral animal control, biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, generating benefits both for Indigenous peoples and the wider Australian society. Furthermore, improved environmental condition of land and sea under Indigenous management, and restoration of wetlands and water resource management have been described, with one study reporting lower rates of weed infestation, and healthier fire regimes for maintaining biodiversity values than in adjacent protected areas.…”