Environmental chromium dust and lung cancer mortality

Axelsson, Gösta; Rylander, Ragnar

doi:10.1016/0013-9351(80)90079-1

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…115 In the general population, no excess of tumors occurred in persons from areas with high concentrations of chromium pollution. 116 An increased incidence of lung cancer occurred in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium in chromate production (adjusted SMR ϭ 197) 104 and in chromium pigment production. 5 The approximate 30-40% increase in the incidence of lung cancer in welders does correlate well with exposure to hexavalent chromium, and a study of welders demonstrated little difference in the rates of lung cancer between stainless steel welders (chromium, Clinical Toxicology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by North Carolina State University on 10/05/12…”

Section: Lungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium

Barceloux¹

1999

Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology

462

304

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Chromium occurs primarily in the trivalent state (III), which is the most stable form, or in the hexavalent state (VI), which is a strong oxidizing agent. Elemental chromium (0) does not occur naturally on earth. Trivalent chromium (III) is an essential trace metal necessary for the formation of glucose tolerance factor and for the metabolism of insulin. Commercial applications of chromium compounds include tanning (III), corrosion inhibition, plating, glassware-cleaning solutions, wood preservatives (VI), manufacture of safety matches, metal finishing (VI), and the production of pigments (III, VI). Hexavalent chromium (VI) contaminated local soil when chromium waste slag was part of the fill material present in residential, public, and industrial areas. In some urban areas, about two-thirds of the chromium in air results from the emission of hexavalent chromium from fossil fuel combustion and steel production. The remaining chromium in air is the trivalent form. The residence time of chromium in air is < 10 days, depending on the particle size. Trivalent compounds generally have low toxicity and the gastrointestinal tract poorly absorbs these compounds. Hexavalent chromium is a skin and mucous membrane irritant and some of these hexavalent compounds are strong corrosive agents. Hexavalent chromium compounds also produce an allergic contact dermatitis characterized by eczema. Sensitivity to trivalent compounds is much less frequent, but some workers may react to high concentrations of these compounds. Hexavalent chromium is recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by the US Toxicology Program as a pulmonary carcinogen. The increased risk of lung cancer occurs primarily in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium dust during the refining of chromite ore and the production of chromate pigments. Although individual studies suggest the possibility of an excess incidence of cancer at sites outside the lung, the results from these studies are inconsistent.

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Section: Lungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium

Barceloux¹

1999

Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology

462

304

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“…Workers e x~o s e d to chromates in chromate and chromium pigment production have been shown to have an increased risk of lung cancer, whereas no increase in risk has been noted for people exposed to trivalent (111) chromium compounds, eg, in the ferrochromium industry (1,2,5). Hexavalent (VI) chromium compounds also appear to be more carcinogenic in experimental animals than are chromium (111) compounds (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust.

Kiilunen¹,

Kivistö²,

Ala-Laurila³

et al. 1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

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A l a -L a~r i l a ,~ Antti Tossavainen, DTech,' Antero Aitio, MD1 KIILUNEN M, KIVISTO H, ALA-LAURILA P, TOSSAVAINEN A, AITIO A. Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust. Scand j work environ health 9 (1983) 265-271. The excretion of chromium in the urine of workers exposed to chromium lignosulfonate was studied. The chromium in the dust was in the trivalent (111) oxidation state, and 30 % of the particles were less than 5 pm in diameter. Chromium (111) lignosulfonate dust was rapidly absorbed, and a peak of urinary excretion was seen immediately after exposure. No appreciable accumulation of chromium occurred over 3 d, as evaluated by comparison with preshift urinary chromium concentrations. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to the urine of exposed persons greatly enhanced the capacity of chromium to traverse a dialysis membrane; the same effect was seen with chromium (111) chloride. It is concluded that chromium (111) lignosulfonate yields chromium (III), which acts pharmacokinetically like water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds.

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“…However, multivariate analysis found a statistical association between chromium urinary excretion and residence: it is possible that the inhalation of chromium-rich dusts, pumped into the atmosphere by steel, cement and oil refinery plants, could constitute significant sources of exposure for the resident population [57][58][59]. Further studies are needed in the future to investigate the possible increased incidence rates of certain cancer histological types, such as lung cancer, related to Cr 6+ exposure [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pollution and Public Health: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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(1) Background: Particulate matter increases the risk of respiratory, allergic and oncological diseases in both exposed workers and the general population due to its toxic compounds (e.g., PAHs, gases, heavy metals, microorganisms). The aim of this review is to show the results obtained by our department regarding air pollution's contributions to health damage in both occupationally and non-occupationally exposed people. (2) Methods: This review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching articles on PubMed, using eligibility criteria, extracting data independently from reports to reduce bias and considering the accuracy of the statistical analyses. (3) Results: Of fifteen papers, only three respected the abovementioned criteria. A total of 453 cases (174 occupationally exposed and 279 non-occupationally exposed individuals) were included in the review. Qualitative analysis showed that among workers, occupational exposure to air pollution increased the risk of allergic and pulmonary diseases, whereas environmental exposure to PM increased heavy metal intake, the last of which was characterized by well-known carcinogenic effects. 4) Conclusion: The use of personal protective equipment, a meticulous health surveillance program and specific environmental protection policies are needed to protect public health from damages due to air pollution.

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Environmental chromium dust and lung cancer mortality

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Chromium

Chromium

Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust.

Air Pollution and Public Health: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review

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