1999
DOI: 10.2307/3454578
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Environmental Chemicals and Changes in Sex Ratio: Analysis over 250 Years in Finland

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Cited by 16 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…Recent reports on their endocrine disrupting properties concern their long-term hazardous effects on the environment from various aspects, including their multiform threats to human reproductive health [3]. Increasing exposure to phthalates might be partially responsible for the recent decline in the male ratio [4], the premature breast development [5], and the development of breast cancer [6]. The continuous release of large quantities of phthalates to the environment made the concentrations and exposures remained substantial.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent reports on their endocrine disrupting properties concern their long-term hazardous effects on the environment from various aspects, including their multiform threats to human reproductive health [3]. Increasing exposure to phthalates might be partially responsible for the recent decline in the male ratio [4], the premature breast development [5], and the development of breast cancer [6]. The continuous release of large quantities of phthalates to the environment made the concentrations and exposures remained substantial.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In humans, the male : female ratio appears to be declining in some, but not all developed countries in the period since World War II ( Jongbloet et al 2001), and the role of environmental pollutants in this trend is hotly debated (Lummaa et al 1998;Vartiainen et al 1999), as are the relative importance of other factors such as polygyny, the age and condition of the mother, household wealth and frequency of coitus (Gaulin & Robbins 1991;Lindström & Kokko 1998;Gutierrez-Adan et al 2000;Koziel & Ulijaszek 2001). War induces a relative excess of male births (Graffelman & Hoekstra 2000); in both Germany (in World Wars I and II) and The Netherlands (in World War II, but not in World War I when The Netherlands was neutral), the proportion of males at birth was elevated (Bromen & Jockel 1997;Van den Broek 1997).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the same paper, it is indicated that latitude can have an impact on sex differentials where countries near the equator produce more females than those near the poles (Vartiainen, Kartovaara, and Tuomisto 1999). These scientists found that the peak ratio of male proportion precedes the period of industrialization or the introduction of pesticides or hormonal drugs, rendering a causal association between environmental chemicals and human sex ratio at birth.…”
Section: Gestational and Environmental Factorsmentioning
confidence: 93%