Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater in groundwater from the Milan army ammunition plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Removal, mass balances and fate in groundwater of TNT and RDX

Best, Elly P. H.; Sprecher, Susan L.; Larson, Steven L.; Fredrickson, Herbert L.; Bader, Darlene F.

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00550-5

Cited by 82 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Recent reports have described assays with a variety of plant systems such as yellow nutsedge (163), bush bean (100), switchgrass (172), aquatic and wetland species (21,22,23,48,112,166,240), axenic root cultures (112), and hybrid poplar (230). In most studies, TNT transformation by plants was accompanied by the appearance of its monoamino derivatives 2-and 4-ADNT.…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

419

287

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

419

287

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“…Best et al 1999). Furthermore, some types of terrestrial plants (and perhaps some types of emergent aquatic plants) can produce compounds that can encourage the development of soil or sediment microbes capable of degrading PCBs.…”

Section: Biotransformation Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Eological Management and Enhancement Alernative for Remediation of the K1007-P1 Pond

Peterson¹

2005

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“…A study with HMX indicated that the removal rates were reasonable, but required a lag phase. It is speculated that reduction products of TNT, RDX and HMX decreased also due to biotransformations by microbes (Rivera et al 1998, Best et al 1999). …”

Section: Phytoremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Best et al (1999) demonstrated in aquatic and wetland plant treatments photolysis of TNT. In contrast to TNT, RDX was mineralized to some extent, but photolysis was not observed, indicating that different mechanisms are involved in the degradation of both compounds.…”

Section: Phytoremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

Snellinx

Nepovím

Taghavi

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res

118

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Abstract. Nitroaromatics form an important group of recalcitrant xenobiotics. Only few aromatic compounds, bearing one nitro group as a substituent of the aromatic ring, are produced as secondary metabolites by microorganisms. The majority of nitroaromadc compounds in the biosphere are industrial chemicals such as explosives, dyes, polyurethane foams, herbicides, insecticides and solvents. These compounds are generally recalcitrant to biological treatment and remain in the biosphere, where they constitute a source of pollution due to both toxic and mutagenic effects on humans, fish, algae and microorganisms. However, relatively few microorganisms have been described as being able to use nitroaromatic compounds as nitrogen and/or carbon and energy source. The best-known nitroaromatic compound is the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene). This article reviews the bioremediation strategies for TNT-contaminated soil and water. It comes to the following conclusion: The optimal remediation strategy for nitroaromatic compounds depends on many site-specific factors. Composting and the use of reactor systems lend themselves to treating soils contaminated with high levels of explosives (e.g. at former ammunition production facilities, where areas with a high contamination level are common). Compared to composting systems, bioreactors have the major advantage of a short treatment time, but the disadvantage of being more labour intensive and more expensive. Studies indicate that biological treatment systems, which are based on the activity of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium or on Pseudomonas sp. ST53, might be used as effective methods for the remediation of highly contaminated soil and water. Phytoremediation, although not widely used now, has the potential to become an important strategy for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with explosives. It is best suited where contaminant levels are low (e.g. at military sites where pollution is rather diffuse) and where larger contaminated surfaces or volumes have to be treated. In addition, phytoremediation can be used as a polishing method after other remediation treatments, such as composting or bioslurry, have taken place. This in-situ treatment method has the advantage of lower treatment costs, but has the disadvantage of a considerable longer treatment time. In order to improve the cost-efficiency, phytoremediation of nitroaromatics (and other organic xenobiotics) could be combined with bio-energy production. This requires, however, detailed knowledge on the fate of the contaminants in the plants as well as the development of efficient treatment methods for the contaminated biomass that minimise the spreading of the contaminants into the environment during post harvest treatment.

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Environmental behavior of explosives in groundwater in groundwater from the Milan army ammunition plant in aquatic and wetland plant treatments. Removal, mass balances and fate in groundwater of TNT and RDX

Cited by 82 publications

References 10 publications

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Evaluation of the Eological Management and Enhancement Alernative for Remediation of the K1007-P1 Pond

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

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