Environmental assessment of different vehicle technologies and fuels

Boureima, Fayçal-Siddikou; Messagie, Maarten; Sergeant, Nele; Matheys, Julien; Mierlo, Joeri Van; Vos, Marc De; Caevel, Bernard De; Turcksin, Laurence; Macharis, Cathy

doi:10.2495/ut120021

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The lowest score was EV production which was likely due to reduced utilization of copper and sulphuric acid during smelting of mineral ores (aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, and iron) for the engines. This is consistent with results from Boureima et al (2012). This is not always the case nevertheless when compared to another related study by Hawkins et al (2013) which indicates higher AP of 10% compared to base model.…”

Section: Figure 2 Human Toxicity Potential Of Passenger Vehicle Prodsupporting

confidence: 91%

Environmental Risk Trade-off for New Generation Vehicle Production: Malaysia Case

Azmi

Tokai

2016

JSD

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<p>New Generation Vehicle such as Hybrid Electric (HEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (EV) have higher efficiency compared to conventional vehicles, and therefore releasing less carbon emissions. However, arguments arise whether this kind of New Generation Vehicle is truly clean compared to the existing system, especially in developing country such as Malaysia since current knowledge only focus on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) generation. This study aims on provide better understanding of the environmental consequences of the compact vehicle production activities based on 5 impact classifications which is GHG generation, Acidification, Eutrophication, Carcinogenic Effect, and Human Health measured in “Disability Adjusted Life-Year” (DALY) using Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis under local electricity mix in 2017 and 2030. A trade-off comparison then can be made to assess the current vehicle technologies with high potential of mass usage in Malaysia– Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (CV), EV, and HEV vehicles with two types of batteries; Nickel Magnesium Hydride (HEV-NiMH), and Lithium Nickel-Magnesium-Cobalt (HEV-NMC). This study found that EV have slightly higher potential to cause a global warming (5,791kg of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emission), follow by HEV-NiMH (4,814kg), HEV-NMC (4,596kg) and CV (4,166kg) embodied per vehicle. Cradle-to-gate of CV is better in term of GHG emission and Carcinogenic impact compared to all the studied subjects but in overall measurement, it is not the best solution for human health, measured in DALY. Conversely, HEV have high environmental impact on the same categories. DALY for 2017 EV production is at 0.0014, CV at 0.0019, HEV-NiMH at 0.0036 and HEV-NMC at 0.0022. The situation created a trade-off between having higher Acidification and Eutrophication from CV production against having higher GHG emission of its replacement EV production. </p>

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Section: Figure 2 Human Toxicity Potential Of Passenger Vehicle Prodsupporting

confidence: 91%

Environmental Risk Trade-off for New Generation Vehicle Production: Malaysia Case

Azmi

Tokai

2016

JSD

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“…It is therefore essential to take into account the influence of all the vehicle parameters on the LCA results. This paper is an update and a thorough extension of the work first presented at the 2012 Urban Transport Conference [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels

et al. 2014

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How to compare the environmental performance of different vehicle technologies? Vehicles with lower tailpipe emissions are perceived as cleaner. However, does it make sense to look only to tailpipe emissions? Limiting the comparison only to these emissions denies the fact that there are emissions involved during the production of a fuel and this approach gives too much advantage to zero-tailpipe vehicles like battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). Would it be enough to combine fuel production and tailpipe emissions? Especially when comparing the environmental performance of alternative vehicle technologies, the emissions during production of the specific components and their appropriate end-of-life treatment processes should also be taken into account. Therefore, the complete life cycle of the vehicle should be included in order to avoid problem shifting from one life stage to another. In this article, a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of petrol, diesel, fuel cell electric (FCEV), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hybrid electric, battery electric (BEV), bio-diesel and bio-ethanol vehicles has been performed. The aim of the manuscript is to investigate the impact of the different vehicle technologies on the environment and to OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 1468 develop a range-based modeling system that enables a more robust interpretation of the LCA results for a group of vehicles. Results are shown for climate change, respiratory effects, acidification and mineral extraction damage of the different vehicle technologies. A broad range of results is obtained due to the variability within the car market. It is concluded that it is essential to take into account the influence of all the vehicle parameters on the LCA results.

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“…A detailed literature survey showed that there are several studies dealing with environmental impacts and total cost of ownership of vehicles separately [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Throughout the literature, the results are expressed in different units and based on different assumptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Financial Evaluation of Passenger Vehicle Technologies in Belgium

et al. 2013

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Vehicles with alternative drive trains are regarded as a promising substitute for conventional cars, considering the growing concern about oil depletion and the environmental impact of our transportation system. However, -clean‖ technologies will only be viable when they are cost-efficient. In this paper, the environmental impacts and the financial costs of different vehicle technologies are calculated for an average Belgian driver. Environmentally friendly vehicles are compared with conventional petrol and diesel vehicles. The assessments are done from a life cycle perspective. The effect on human health, resources and ecosystems is considered when calculating the environmental impact. The total cost of ownership (TCO) model includes the purchase price, registration and road taxes, insurance, fuel or electricity cost, maintenance, tires replacement, technical control, battery leasing and battery replacement. In the presented analysis different vehicle technologies and fuels are compared (petrol, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)) on their level of environmental impact and cost per kilometer. The analysis shows a lower environmental impact for electric vehicles. However, electric vehicles have a higher total cost of ownership compared to conventional vehicles, even though the fuel operating costs are significantly lower. The purchase cost of electric vehicles is highly linked to the size of the battery pack, and not to the size of the electric vehicle. This explains the relative high cost for the electric city cars and the comparable cost for the medium and premium cars.

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Environmental assessment of different vehicle technologies and fuels

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Environmental Risk Trade-off for New Generation Vehicle Production: Malaysia Case

Environmental Risk Trade-off for New Generation Vehicle Production: Malaysia Case

A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels

Environmental and Financial Evaluation of Passenger Vehicle Technologies in Belgium

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