Environmental assessment of chemical products from a Norwegian biorefinery

Life cycle assessment of adipic acid production from lignin

“…36 Other studies rely on questionable allocation keys to divide the upstream impacts between main biorefinery product and lignin. 53,54 ISO 14044 describes a hierarchical approach on how to deal with multifunctional processes, favoring subdivision of the multifunctional process if possible, applying system expansion, or as a last resort, using allocation and identifying an allocation key that represents the physical-causality relationship between the co-products. 37 Since subdivision is not applicable in our study, system expansion is applied to include the consequences of exploiting the HFLB stream for chemical production instead of energy production.…”

SnxOy/SAPO-34 as catalysts for catalytic dehydration of bio-ethanol: impacts of oxidation state, interaction, and loading amount

“…Driven by depleting oil resources, increasing oil price and environmental concerns, 52 much effort has been made to develop green technologies based on renewable sources (Bhutto et 53 al., 2015) to produce bio-based chemicals (Modahl et al, 2015). Light olefins (especially, 54 ethylene and propylene) are primarily used for production of chemicals such as ethylene oxide, 55 ethylene dichloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and propylene oxide (Reay et al, 2013).…”

Second Generation Bioethanol Production: On the Use of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes as Feedstock

“…This biorefinery presents the strategy of producing the maximum number of products out of spruce wood, and today products from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are produced in a larger scale [197]. Borregard biorefinery produces cellulose, ethanol, liquid lignin, lignin powder, vanisperse, vanillin, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and steam [198]. Modahl et al (2015) assessed the environmental impacts that are associated with chemical products of this biorefinery and verified that ethanol production, when compared with results from literature, presents a good performance concerning global warming potential [198].…”