Environmental aspects of fuel cells: A review

Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Elsaid, Khaled; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Kamil, Mohammed; Sayed, Enas Taha; Olabi, Abdul–Ghani

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141803

Cited by 369 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The severe environmental impact of fossil fuels, used in all aspects of our lives, is a serious threat, as is clear from the resulting health problems and climate change [1,2]. To reduce the severe problems caused by the different fossil fuels, scientists have proposed different solutions, such as waste heat recycling [3,4], developing efficient energy conversion systems that have low or no environmental impact [5][6][7], transitioning from fossil fuel resources to renewable energy resources [8][9][10], and, finally, CO 2 capture [11][12][13][14]. In the last decade, the renewable energy sources' capacity was exponentially increased, resulting in a critical need for energy conversion/storage systems that can effectively use/store such an increase in energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System

et al. 2021

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This review presents a detailed summary of the latest technologies used in flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). This paper covers the types of technologies and systems employed within FESS, the range of materials used in the production of FESS, and the reasons for the use of these materials. Furthermore, this paper provides an overview of the types of uses of FESS, covering vehicles and the transport industry, grid leveling and power storage for domestic and industrial electricity providers, their use in motorsport, and applications for space, satellites, and spacecraft. Different types of machines for flywheel energy storage systems are also discussed. This serves to analyse which implementations reduce the cost of permanent magnet synchronous machines. As well as this, further investigations need to be carried out to determine the ideal temperature range of operation. Induction machines are currently stoutly designed with lower manufacturing cost, making them unsuitable for high-speed operations. Brushless direct current machines, the Homolar machines, and permanent magnet synchronous machines should also be considered for future research activities to improve their performance in a flywheel energy storage system. An active magnetic bearing can also be used alongside mechanical bearings to reduce the control systems’ complications, thereby making the entire system cost-effective.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System

et al. 2021

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“…Today, individuals have a special interest in applying renewable sources of energy, such as solar, wind, biogas, geothermal, biomass, low-impact hydroelectricity, emerging technologies-wave, tidal power, and fuel cells [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. From among them fuel cells have been widely used [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In fact, there are a growing number of reasons behind the widespread use of this sort of device [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From among them fuel cells have been widely used [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In fact, there are a growing number of reasons behind the widespread use of this sort of device [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The most crucial reason is that fuel cell is considered as an eco-friendly process which does not harm to the nature, and it does not produce any contamination [ 5 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, there are a growing number of reasons behind the widespread use of this sort of device [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The most crucial reason is that fuel cell is considered as an eco-friendly process which does not harm to the nature, and it does not produce any contamination [ 5 , 10 ]. In contrast, nonrenewable sources of energy (generally combustion of fossil fuels) cause serious environmental issues, including global warming, air pollution, acid rains, and ozone depletion [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Ionic Liquids-Based Membranes for Middle and High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM FCs)

Ebrahimi

Kujawski

Fatyeyeva

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Today, the use of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) possessing ionic liquids (ILs) in middle and high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (MT-PEMFCs and HT-PEMFCs) have been increased. ILs are the organic salts, and they are typically liquid at the temperature lower than 100 °C with high conductivity and thermal stability. The membranes containing ILs can conduct protons through the PEMs at elevated temperatures (more than 80 °C), unlike the Nafion-based membranes. A wide range of ILs have been identified, including chiral ILs, bio-ILs, basic ILs, energetic ILs, metallic ILs, and neutral ILs, that, from among them, functionalized ionic liquids (FILs) include a lot of ion exchange groups in their structure that improve and accelerate proton conduction through the polymeric membrane. In spite of positive features of using ILs, the leaching of ILs from the membranes during the operation of fuel cell is the main downside of these organic salts, which leads to reducing the performance of the membranes; however, there are some ways to diminish leaching from the membranes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these issues by evaluating key studies that have been undertaken in the last years in order to present objective and comprehensive updated information that presents the progress that has been made in this field. Significant information regarding the utilization of ILs in MT-PEMFCs and HT-PEMFCs, ILs structure, properties, and synthesis is given. Moreover, leaching of ILs as a challenging demerit and the possible methods to tackle this problem are approached in this paper. The present review will be of interest to chemists, electrochemists, environmentalists, and any other researchers working on sustainable energy production field.

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“…This clarion call by the scientific community is due to the harmful effect of fossil commodities on the environment coupled with their unstable prices [22]. Similarly, most of the fossil reserves are currently depleting hence the urgent need for a paradigm shift in how energy can be harnessed for industrial as well as domestic purposes [23][24][25][26][27]. Renewable energy is considered as the suitable replacement for fossil fuel because it is abundant and environmentally friendly, but the intermit nature of the renewable energy sources the key factor impeding their commercialization and possible competition with existing forms of power generation [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical and Commercial Challenges of Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

et al. 2020

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This review critically evaluates the latest trends in fuel cell development for portable and stationary fuel cell applications and their integration into the automotive industry. Fast start-up, high efficiency, no toxic emissions into the atmosphere and good modularity are the key advantages of fuel cell applications. Despite the merits associated with fuel cells, the high cost of the technology remains a key factor impeding its widespread commercialization. Therefore, this review presents detailed information into the best operating conditions that yield maximum fuel cell performance. The paper recommends future research geared towards robust fuel cell geometry designs, as this determines the cell losses, and material characterization of the various cell components. When this is done properly, it will support a total reduction in the cost of the cell which in effect will reduce the total cost of the system. Despite the strides made by the fuel cell research community, there is a need for public sensitization as some people have reservations regarding the safety of the technology. This hurdle can be overcome if there is a well-documented risk assessment, which also needs to be considered in future research activities.

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Environmental aspects of fuel cells: A review

Cited by 369 publications

References 114 publications

Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System

Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System

A Review on Ionic Liquids-Based Membranes for Middle and High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM FCs)

Technical and Commercial Challenges of Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

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