Environmental applications of electrochemical technology. What is needed to enable full-scale applications?

Lacasa, Engracia; Cotillas, Salvador; Sáez, Cristina; Lobato, Justo; Cañizares, Pablo; Rodrigo, Manuel A.

doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2019.07.002

Cited by 93 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“… 54 − 56 Due to modular cell design, electrochemical oxidation can potentially be scaled across centralized and distributed treatment contexts. 57 − 59 Likewise, electrochemical oxidant generation can operated in resource limited settings that often lack transportation and electrical power distribution infrastructure by using electricity generated onsite through renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic cells with minimal external chemical additions. 42 , 60 , 61 While there are an increasing number of studies investigating electrochemical oxidation/disinfection, there has been inconsistent reporting of disinfectant dose generation, energy consumption, and pathogen inactivation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance

Hand

Cusick

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Electrochemical disinfection—a method in which chemical oxidants are generated in situ via redox reactions on the surface of an electrode—has attracted increased attention in recent years as an alternative to traditional chemical dosing disinfection methods. Because electrochemical disinfection does not entail the transport and storage of hazardous materials and can be scaled across centralized and distributed treatment contexts, it shows promise for use both in resource limited settings and as a supplement for aging centralized systems. In this Critical Review, we explore the significance of treatment context, oxidant selection, and operating practice on electrochemical disinfection system performance. We analyze the impacts of water composition on oxidant demand and required disinfectant dose across drinking water, centralized wastewater, and distributed wastewater treatment contexts for both free chlorine- and hydroxyl-radical-based systems. Drivers of energy consumption during oxidant generation are identified, and the energetic performance of experimentally reported electrochemical disinfection systems are evaluated against optimal modeled performance. We also highlight promising applications and operational strategies for electrochemical disinfection and propose reporting standards for future work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance

Hand

Cusick

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Despite such research efforts, the technology readiness level (TRL) for many of those technologies remains very low; although most are considered promising, many are far from being introduced as efficient processes into the market. Important barriers need to be overcome to reach high TRLs [14]. Operational energy costs have to be considered and, are related not only to the electrolysis reactions but mainly with the stirring, the ohmic losses and the energy required for the transport of charge through the porous matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring hydrogen production for self-energy generation in electroremediation: A proof of concept

et al. 2019

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Highlights• Self-produced H2 from electrodialytic treatment of environmental matrices collected • Collected H2 average purity (% mol/mol) of ≈ 98%• A fuel cell used to produce electricity from the self-produced H2 (~1 V)• Experimental self-generated energy promotes savings on electroremediation (≈ 7%) AbstractElectrodialytic technologies are clean-up processes based on the application of a low-level electrical current to produce electrolysis reactions and the consequent electrochemically-induced transport of contaminants. These treatments inherently produce electrolytic hydrogen, an energy carrier, at the cathode compartment, in addition to other cathode reactions. However, exploring this by-product for self-energy generation in electroremediation has never been researched. In this work we present the study of hydrogen production during the electrodialytic treatment of three different environmental matrices (briny water, effluent and mine tailings), at two current intensities (50 and 100 mA). In all cases, hydrogen gas was produced with purities between 73% to 98%, decreasing the electrical costs of the electrodialytic treatment up to ≈ 7%. A protonexchange membrane fuel cell was used to evaluate the possibility to generate electrical energy from the hydrogen production at the cathode, showing a stable output (~1 V) and demonstrating the proof of concept of the process.

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“…As seen above, EC is an option to traditional coagulation, during which the coagulant is given by dissolving sacrificial electrodes under an applied electric field [52]. The easiness of process and the secondary phenomena implying the formation of gas bubbles are the main benefits.…”

Section: Ec Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Removal by Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation: New Findings and Future Trends

Ghernaout¹

2019

Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research

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Electrocoagulation (EC) process is a highly performant technique for treating water particularly in terms of killing pathogens, especially viruses. This paper discusses briefly some recent advances in removing viruses from water. Routes of bacteriophage reduction due to EC were discussed throughout the literature. Physical elimination was mainly attributed to embodiment in flocs; however, demobilization was firstly linked to ferrous iron oxidation. Removing bacteriophage for any method working on iron has to be seriously viewed because of more important vulnerability of bacteriophages to demobilizing through Fe 2+ oxidizing. Through juxtaposing the traditional treatment via FeCl 3(s) as coagulant and Cl 2(g) as disinfection agent, the EC-electrooxidation (EO) approach was observed less performant in typical surface waters but more performant in typical groundwaters. In many usages, consecutive EC-EO was useful, still real aspects such as free radicals remaining in water risk to overpass the combined process inherent advantages. More research concerning both virus removal and pathogenic bacteria remains to be performed in the perspective of a large industrial usage of EC process.

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Environmental applications of electrochemical technology. What is needed to enable full-scale applications?

Cited by 93 publications

References 51 publications

Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance

Electrochemical Disinfection in Water and Wastewater Treatment: Identifying Impacts of Water Quality and Operating Conditions on Performance

Exploring hydrogen production for self-energy generation in electroremediation: A proof of concept

Virus Removal by Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation: New Findings and Future Trends

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