Environmental and urinary reference values as markers of exposure to hydrocarbons in urban areas

Minoia, Claudio; Meroni, G.; Aprea, Cristina; Oppezzo, M.C.; Magnaghi, Silvana; Sciarra, Gianfranco; Barisano, Angelo; Fiorentino, Maria Lorena; Berri, Angelo; Bellinzona, Massimo; Cuna, Francesco Saverio Robustelli della; Frigerio, Francesco; Schiavi, Alessandro; Gregorio, L. Di

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(96)05312-0

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Smokers had significantly higher urinary BTEX concentrations than non-smokers. Our results were similar to those reported by others (5,7,10,13). The exception in our study was toluene, Our results were, however, higher than those reported in our previous study (17), probably due to a difference in sampling time; in this study we collected samples in the winter, and in the earlier study in the summer when lower concentrations of BTEX in air (affecting BTEX concentration in urine) were found because of reduced heating and enhanced photochemical degradation during the summer.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Several instrumental variations are described for the low level BTEX determinations in the urine. These include different sampling techniques such as dynamic headspace (thermal desorption, TD and purge and trap, PT) (10-12) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) (1, 5, 13) followed by gas chromatographic separation and flame ionization (10)(11)(12) and/or mass spectrometric (1,5,10,13) detection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

Karačonji

Skender²

2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this study was to compare two extraction procedures: dynamic headspace-purge and trap (PT) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for gas chromatographic determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and isomeric xylenes (BTEX) in urine with photoionization (PID) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, respectively. Both methods showed linearity in the range of interest [(50-2000) ng L-1 ], good accuracy (80% to 100 %), and repeatability (RSD≤11 %). Detection limits were in the low ng L -1 level for both methods, although slightly greater sensitivity was found for the PT method. In comparison with PT, HS-SPME was simpler and required less time for analysis. Although the analytical features of both examined methods are appropriate for biomonitoring of environmental exposure to BTEX, only the HS-SPME-GC-MS method is recommended for routine analysis of BTEX in urine. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis of BTEX in urine samples collected from non-smokers (n=10) and smokers (n=10).

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

Karačonji

Skender²

2007

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the contrary, several studies 25,28) have found a positive correlation between EB exposure concentrations and urinary levels in humans, although this correlation was weaker than other VOCs. Environmental and urinary data on DCP, AAC, and EAC were insufficient to apply a regression analysis.…”

Section: Simple Regression Analysismentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The methods were: environmental sampling with charcoal tubes, personal sampling with diffusive charcoal samplers, and determination of unmetabolised solvents in urine. For several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) a direct relationship between urinary levels and average levels in the exposed air has been reported [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Organic Solvents among Handicraft Car Painters: A Pilot Study in Italy

Vitali¹,

Ensabella²,

Stella³

et al. 2006

Ind Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Car repair painters usually experience long-term exposure to many different solvents. In Italy, the greater part of car painting shops are "handicraft", i.e. 2-5 workers and small premises. Usually workers do not have specific duties, but everyone takes part in all different operations. Moreover, working time is not standardized but varies according to the workload, working methods tend to be traditional, and compliance to individual protection devices is poor. We have hence assessed, on a sample of 8 italian handicraft car painting shops, the exposure levels to solvents, implementing three classic exposure monitoring methods: environmental sampling with charcoal tubes, personal sampling with diffusive charcoal samplers, and urinary determination of unmetabolised solvents. A simple regression analysis was performed to evaluate relationships between the three series of data. The solvents analysed were toluene, ethylbenzene, 1, 2-dichloropropane, n-butylacetate, n-amylacetate, xylene isomers, ethylacetate, and benzene. Benzene was included due to several factors, among others its presence (1% v/v) in the italian unleaded gasoline. Benzene was found in all shops, at levels around or higher than the 8-h timeweighted average limit (8-h TLV-TWA). Other solvents were found in the different shops at various levels, 10 2 -10 1 times the 8-h TLV-TWA. Air concentrations of toluene, n-butylacetate, xylenes, and benzene were positively correlated with urinary levels of the parent compounds, while a negative correlation was found for ethylbenzene. The health implications of workers' exposure level was briefly discussed.

show abstract

“…This is an advantage since short-time measurements would assess the VOC exposure in a very small time window and are therefore not as representative as long-term passive measurements. The applicability of passive air sampling for VOCs assessment has been validated sufficiently in the literature [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 92%

Long-Term Trend of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds – a 15-Year Follow-Up Considering Real Living Conditions

Herbarth¹,

Matysik

2012

Indoor and Built Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be associated with adverse health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the indoor VOCs exposure burden has undergone changes during a past 15-year period, exemplarily in a German city. The study was limited to homes with families. To avoid possible regional-specific confounder effects, this assessment was conducted for this urban centre with a sufficiently long and continuous time series (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008).VOCs were determined using passive sampling over 4 weeks followed by liquid extraction and analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All measurement periods were equally distributed over the seasons and years.A substantial reduction in the total sum of VOCs and aromatics could be demonstrated as well as a trend of decrease concentrations for alkanes. No such changes could be observed for cycloalkanes, chlorinated hydrocarbons and terpenes group.Possible reasons for the reduction of indoor VOCs exposure are most likely due to the applied regulations/ guidelines for the VOCs reduction in indoor-relevant products. Problems are, however, regarding the slight increase in terpene exposure. These chemicals have been found to be associated with quite specific health effects. Therefore, future emphasis should be directed not only towards the general reduction of anthropogenically generated VOC exposures in the outdoor environment but also on the reduction of healthrelevant VOCs, especially indoors.

show abstract

Environmental and urinary reference values as markers of exposure to hydrocarbons in urban areas

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

Comparison Between Dynamic Headspace and Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction for Gas Chromatography of Btex in Urine

Exposure to Organic Solvents among Handicraft Car Painters: A Pilot Study in Italy

Long-Term Trend of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds – a 15-Year Follow-Up Considering Real Living Conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About