Environmental and personal determinants of the uptake of disinfection by-products during swimming

Font-Ribera, Laia; Kogevinas, Manolis; Schmalz, Christina; Zwiener, Christian; Marco, Esther; Grimalt, Joan O.; Liu, Jiaqi; Zhang, Xiangru; Mitch, William A.; Critelli, Rossana; Naccarati, Alessio; Heederik, Dick; Spithoven, Jack; Arjona, Lourdes; Bont, Jeroen de; Gràcia-Lavedán, Esther; Villanueva, Cristina M.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.013

Cited by 41 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…This study also emphasizes the need to not only improve water treatment systems or to decrease hydraulic retention time of water in pools (rate of renewal of water, rate of filtration rate), but also to improve air treatment systems, as it has already been demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between levels of Br-DBP found in ambient air and in exhaled breath of pool attendants (Fantuzzi et al, 2001). Moreover, the levels of inhaled Br-DBPs are also affected by physical activities of bathers in these pools (Font-Ribera et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Boudenne

Parinet

Demelas

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Water and air quality of eight seawater swimming pools using chlorine disinfection was measured during four sampling campaigns, spread on one full-year, and in four thalassotherapy centers located in Southeast of France. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in air and in water as well as concentrations of parameters, including nonpurgeable organic carbon (NPOC), free residual chlorine (Cl), pH, Kjeldhal Nitrogen (KN), salinity, conductivity, bromide ions and, water and air temperature, were measured. Water and air samples were collected in triplicates morning - at the opening of the pools -, noon and night - at the closing of the pools -, in summer and winter. Data analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and rotated component matrix, from both data quality and other parameters such as TOC, aromaticity (UV), pH, hygrometry, and free residual chlorine (Cl). This statistical analysis demonstrates a high correlation between TOC, Cl and UV and THM levels found in air and water, particularly for the major ones (CHBr in water 300.0μg/L mean, 1029.0μg/L maximum; CHBr in air: 266.1μg/m mean, 1600.0μg/m maximum, and CHClBr in water: 18.9μg/L mean, 81.0μg/L maximum; CHClBr in air: 13.6μg/m mean, 150.0μg/m maximum). These high levels of bromoform (CHBr) are particularly worrisome in such health institutions, even these levels do not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 5mg/m as an 8hour time-weighted average currently fixed by various administrations, such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Boudenne

Parinet

Demelas

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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“…We used the THMs as surrogate for DBP exposure because they are easily measured in exhaled breath. Measurement of THMs in exhaled breath for this study has been described before (Font-Ribera et al, 2016). Briefly, exhaled breath samples were collected using a portable system for exhaled breath sampling (Bio-VOC™ Sampler, Markes International Ltd, UK).…”

Section: Markers Of Exposure To Dbpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition swimming water concentrations of a range of DBPs, including the THMs measured in exhaled breath, were measured on the days the study was conducted. A detailed description of sampling and analytical methods for DBPs in the poolwater in this study was provided in Font-Ribera et al (2016).…”

Section: Markers Of Exposure To Dbpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute changes in serum immune markers due to swimming in a chlorinated pool

Vlaanderen¹,

Veldhoven²,

Font-Ribera³

et al. 2016

ISEE Conference Abstracts

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“…Trihalomethanes (THMs), particularly the chloro‐, bromo‐, and mixed bromochloro‐trihalogenated species, are a commonly reported class of disinfection by‐product (DBP) in swimming pool waters, although iodinated THMs have also been reported . THMs are a volatile class of DBP and, as such, can partition from the water into the ambient air of swimming pool complexes, where concentrations have been shown to increase with water agitation either by swimmers or by water jets . Many studies have reported the occurrence of THMs in the air above swimming pool and spa waters, and THMs have also been reported in passageways, offices/reception areas, café areas, plant/engine rooms, and change rooms in pool complexes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

et al. 2019

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A simple method for the collection and analysis of the four brominated and chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs) in air samples is described. Ambient air samples were collected in pre‐prepared glass vials, with THM analysis performed using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, where the need for chemical reagents is minimized. Analytical parameters, including oven temperature program, solvent volume, incubation time, vial agitation, extraction time and temperature, as well as desorption time and temperature, were evaluated to ensure optimal method performance. The developed method allows for point‐in‐time quantification (compared to an average concentration measured over extended periods of time), with detection limits between 0.7 to 2.6 µg/m3. Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), repeatability (3% to 11% RSD), and reproducibility (3% to 16% RSD) were demonstrated over a concentration range from 2 to 5000 µg/m3. The method was validated for the analysis of THMs in indoor swimming pool air and was used to investigate the occurrence of THMs in the air above 15 indoor swimming pools. This is the first study to report the occurrence of THMs in swimming pool air in Australia, and concentrations higher than those previously reported in other countries were measured.

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Environmental and personal determinants of the uptake of disinfection by-products during swimming

Cited by 41 publications

References 50 publications

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Acute changes in serum immune markers due to swimming in a chlorinated pool

An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes

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