Environmental and nutritional analysis of the EAT-Lancet diet at the individual level: insights from the NutriNet-Santé study

Kesse‐Guyot, Emmanuelle; Rebouillat, Pauline; Brunin, Joséphine; Langevin, Brigitte; Allès, Benjamin; Touvier, Mathilde; Herçberg, Serge; Fouillet, Hélène; Huneau, Jean‐François; Mariotti, François; Lairon, Denis; Pelletier, Philippe; Baudry, Julia

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126555

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…In addition, this study's results are similar to those from the NutriNet-Santé study, which showed that adherence to the ELR-diet may lead to reduced negative environmental impacts ( 11 ). Moreover, a pooled analysis including 443,991 participants from the EPIC-cohort suggested that cobenefits for human health and the environment could be achieved synergistically by adhering to diets that are based on the ELR-diet ( 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Comparisons of the ELR-diet with dietary guidelines from the USA ( 8 ), Italy ( 7 ), India ( 9 ), and Denmark ( 10 ) have been reported. Moreover, adherence to the ELR-diet has been investigated in relation to environmental indicators (including GHGEs) in French adults ( 11 ). Ultimately, the diet was found to be associated with lower risks of ischemic heart disease and diabetes, yet no clear associations with mortality and stroke were found in the English European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Oxford cohort ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of Adherence to a Dietary Index Based on the EAT–Lancet Reference Diet with Nutritional, Anthropometric, and Ecological Sustainability Parameters: Results from the German DONALD Cohort Study

Vallejo

Schulz

Locht

et al. 2022

The Journal of Nutrition

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Background Validation of the EAT-Lancet reference (ELR) diet, recently proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission, within the context of real-life studies is necessary to elucidate its feasibility, nutritional value, sustainability, and health effects. Objective To develop a dietary index (DI score) to measure adherence to the ELR-diet. To study the association between the DI score and a) nutritional characteristics, b) indicators of ecological sustainability, and c) anthropometric and biomarkers for cardio-metabolic health. Methods A DI score was constructed by comparing the categories defined by the ELR-diet to the dietary data of 2–5 sets of three-day weighed dietary records from DONALD study participants (n = 298; ≥ 15 years of age). Prospective associations between the DI score and risk markers (anthropometric and cardio-metabolic) in young adulthood (≥18 years) were investigated using multivariate linear regression. Results Adherence to the DI score components was considerable (majority > 50%), but varied within the population (2%–100%). The highest tertile of the DI score was inversely associated with the intake of protein (13.5 vs. 14.5 energy%), added sugars (10.5 vs. 12.4 energy%), and cholesterol (100 vs. 116 mg/1000 kcal), but positively associated with fiber intake (10.0 vs. 8.82 g/1000 kcal) (all P < 0.05). The DI score was inversely associated with greenhouse-gas emissions (6.48 vs. 5.85 kgCO2eq/2500 kcal; P < 0.001), and land use (8.24 vs. 7.16 m2 × year/2500 kcal; P < 0.001). Inverse associations between the DI score and anthropometric markers during young adulthood were observed with BMI (22.9 vs. 21.9 kg/m2; P = 0.03) (all P < 0.05). No associations between the DI score and cardio-metabolic risk markers were found (all P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions Adherence to the ELR-diet was associated with favorable nutritional characteristics and reduced environmental impact. Adherence to the DI score in adolescence was also beneficial with respect to anthropometric markers in early adulthood, though not for further cardio-metabolic risk markers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Adherence to a Dietary Index Based on the EAT–Lancet Reference Diet with Nutritional, Anthropometric, and Ecological Sustainability Parameters: Results from the German DONALD Cohort Study

Vallejo

Schulz

Locht

et al. 2022

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…During the last 20 years MED was shown to benefit health and function, reducing mortality rates ( 9 , 10 , 25 ). The EAT-Lancet as a theoretical dietary pattern targets both health and the environment using evidence based data, indicating that healthy and sustainable diet is achievable ( 11 , 26 ). In a review by Aleksandrowicz et al ( 1 ), the authors calculated the potential shift in footprint values associated with different dietary patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EAT-Lancet score was calculated based on the calculation created by Kesse-Guyot et al ( 11 ). This calculation is based on the components and cutoff of the EAT-Lancet diet that have been suggested by Willett et al ( 6 ) regarding the consumption of the following 14 food components: whole grains, tubers and starchy vegetables, vegetables, fruits, dairy foods, beef/lamb/pork, poultry, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts, saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and added sugars.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Environmental Footprint Associated With the Mediterranean Diet, EAT-Lancet Diet, and the Sustainable Healthy Diet Index: A Population-Based Study

Tepper

Kissinger²,

Avital³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Providing a growing global population with healthy and sustainable diets is an immediate challenge. In the current study, estimates were obtained for the environmental footprints (land, water, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) in association with the Mediterranean diet (MED) and the EAT-Lancet reference diet, which represents a healthy diet derived from sustainable food systems. We used a newly developed Sustainable Healthy Diet (SHED) index that was validated for the Israeli population by Tepper et al. in 2020.MethodsA group of 525 participants were recruited via social media, email, and phone. Demographic characteristics, quality of life, and answers to the SHED-index questionnaire were obtained. Dietary assessment was performed using the 116-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), which was developed for the Israeli population. Adherence to the MED was calculated using a 9-point score. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet was assessed through the consumption of 14 food components. The environmental pressure of these dietary patterns was determined based on the “footprint family indicators,” which include land, water, and carbon footprints per unit of agricultural and food products. We assigned values for each food comprising the FFQ and calculated the environmental load for each dietary pattern. Statistical analyses were performed using the R package version 4.1.1 to compare environmental footprint values according to tertiles of the MED score, EAT-Lancet score, and SHED score.ResultsThe participants (n = 525) were 49% women, educated (82% had academic education), and physically active, and only 13% were smokers. The highest tertiles of adherence to the MED, adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet, and the SHED index were associated with the lowest GHG emissions and land use, as well as higher water use. Meat consumption contributed the most to land use, while dairy contributed the most to GHG emissions, and fruits contributed the most to water use.ConclusionsOur analysis reveals that animal protein is the highest contributor to GHG emissions and land use, while fruits and vegetables contribute the most to water consumption. Nevertheless, most of the fruits and vegetables are grown using treated wastewater, which reduces environmental pressure. Given these findings, we suggest that MED and EAT-Lancet dietary patterns should be included in national dietary guidelines.

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“…Altogether, the plant to animal protein ratio in the diet appears central to the sustainability of the food systems (19,23). This has implications for dietary guidelines that aim to encompass both human and planetary health (24)(25)(26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant to animal protein ratio in the diet: nutrient adequacy, long-term health and environmental pressure

Fouillet

Dussiot

Perraud

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Animal and plant protein sources have contrasting relationships with nutrient adequacy and long-term health, and their adequate ratio is highly debated. Using reference values for nutrients and disease burden risks for foods, we modeled diets with graded plant protein proportions (%PP) that ensure nutrient adequacy, minimize long-term health risks and best preserve dietary habits in French adults. We furthermore estimated the diets’ related environmental impacts. We demonstrated that nutrient-adequate diets must fall within the 15%-80% %PP range, and that fully healthy diets additionally achieving the minimum-risk exposure levels for unhealthy/healthy foods must fall within the 25%-70% %PP range. All healthy diets were very distant from current typical diet, and those with higher %PP contributed less to climate change and land use. There is thus no single optimal %PP when considering only nutrition and health, but high %PP diets are more sustainable. For %PP>80%, nutrient fortification/supplementation and/or new foods are required.

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Environmental and nutritional analysis of the EAT-Lancet diet at the individual level: insights from the NutriNet-Santé study

Cited by 41 publications

References 53 publications

Associations of Adherence to a Dietary Index Based on the EAT–Lancet Reference Diet with Nutritional, Anthropometric, and Ecological Sustainability Parameters: Results from the German DONALD Cohort Study

Associations of Adherence to a Dietary Index Based on the EAT–Lancet Reference Diet with Nutritional, Anthropometric, and Ecological Sustainability Parameters: Results from the German DONALD Cohort Study

The Environmental Footprint Associated With the Mediterranean Diet, EAT-Lancet Diet, and the Sustainable Healthy Diet Index: A Population-Based Study

Plant to animal protein ratio in the diet: nutrient adequacy, long-term health and environmental pressure

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