Environmental and economical assessment for a sustainable Zn/air battery

Santos, Florencio; Urbina, Antonio; Abad, José Antonio; López-Vicente, Rodolfo; Toledo, Carlos Juárez; Romero, Antonio J. Fernández

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126273

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…On the other hand, the GPEs applied in energy storage devices need to have high ionic conductivities, good mechanical properties, and excellent electrochemical stability at room temperature. Metal-air batteries consist of a metal as a negative electrode coupled to an air-breathing positive one, and are considered as alternatives to the conventional Li-ion batteries used nowadays [ 14 , 15 ] because metal-air batteries provide higher energy density thanks to the oxygen involved in the reaction being directly drawn from the surrounding air—it is not stored in the battery in advance [ 15 , 16 ]. Notably, alkaline zinc-air batteries, among metal-air batteries, hold enough merit to be highlighted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of the PVA-VAVTD KOH Blend as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Zinc Batteries

Velez

Reyes

Díaz-Barrios

et al. 2021

Gels

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Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are promising for energy storage and portable electronic applications because of their good safety, high energy density, material abundance, low cost, and environmental friendliness. A series of alkaline gel polymer electrolytes formed from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and different amounts of terpolymer composed of butyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, and vinyl neodecanoate (VAVTD) was synthesized applying a solution casting technique. The thin films were doped with KOH 12M, providing a higher amount of water and free ions inside the electrolyte matrix. The inclusion of VAVTD together with the PVA polymer improved several of the electrical properties of the PVA-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and attenuated total reflectance- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) tests, confirming that PVA chains rearrange depending on the VAVTD content and improving the amorphous region. The most conducting electrolyte film was the test specimen 1:4 (PVA-VAVTD) soaked in KOH solution, reaching a conductivity of 0.019 S/cm at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the conductivity agrees with the Arrhenius equation and activation energy of ~0.077 eV resulted, depending on the electrolyte composition. In addition, the cyclic voltammetry study showed a current intensity increase at higher VAVTD content, reaching values of 310 mA. Finally, these gel polymer electrolytes were tested in Zn–air batteries, obtaining capacities of 165 mAh and 195 mAh for PVA-T4 and PVA-T5 sunk in KOH, respectively, at a discharge current of −5 mA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of the PVA-VAVTD KOH Blend as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Zinc Batteries

Velez

Reyes

Díaz-Barrios

et al. 2021

Gels

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“…1 kWh (one kilowatt-hour) of storage capacity was used as a functional unit (FU), which is a common practice regarding LCA studies applied into battery field. [30,40,41] This standardization enables a simple yet accurate comparison with other energy storage technologies. Moreover, 1 kWh is a commonly used billing unit for consumer energy delivered by electric utilities; thus allowing an additional comparison with grid energy.…”

Section: Goal Scope and System Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those results are in the range of the value recently reported by Santos et al, who found a total impact of 61.2 kg CO 2 equiv per 1 kWh of stored energy for a zinc-air battery. [40] Importantly, AZIBs result environmentally competitive with other battery technologies such as Li-O 2 batteries (average of 55.8 kg CO 2 equiv), [33] and remarkably lower to the 140.3 kg CO 2 equiv produced by NIBs, [30] the average of 127.4 kg CO 2 equiv for Li-S batteries, [31] and the median of 120.0 kg CO 2 equiv for LIBs. [50] As these studies also consider the battery production stage, that is, a cradle-to-gate perspective, the results could be Figure 2.…”

Section: Global Warming Of Aqueous Zibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Global warming of six aqueous zinc ion batteries standardized to 1 kWh of storage capacity. For the sake of comparison, data corresponding to Zn-air batteries is taken from reference [40]; data corresponding to Li-O 2 batteries is taken from reference [33]; data corresponding to NIBs is taken from reference [30]; data corresponding to Li-S batteries is taken from reference [31]; data corresponding to LIBs is taken from reference [50]. considered comparable.…”

Section: Global Warming Of Aqueous Zibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Impacts of Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Based on Life Cycle Assessment

Iturrondobeitia

Akizu‐Gardoki

Amondarain

et al. 2021

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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energy storage (EES) systems can store and deliver on-demand renewable power, smoothing the intermittency associated with wind and solar energy when installed in large renewable-energy plants [3,4] Electricity generation systems based on renewable resources present an environmentally and socioeconomically more sustainable alternative to those based on fossil fuels. [5] Ensuring a steady energy supply can accelerate the transition to a lower carbon economy, approaching toward the emission reductions of 30% by 2030 to meet the goals of Paris Agreement.Thanks to their high energy density and long cycling stability, [6] lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are dominant in the portable electronics and electric vehicle (EV) markets. However, the implementation of LIBs as stationary grid storage has been constrained so far due to the fact that LIBs present several sustainability issues. The use of large quantities of scarce and toxic cathode materials (lithium, cobalt, or nickel) inevitably increases their environmental burdens. [7] Environmentally speaking, sodium ion batteries (NIBs) are emerging as a potential alternative to LIBs given the natural availability of sodium. [8] NIBs are cost-effective, offer acceptable energy densities and enable the use of bio-derived electrodes, [9][10][11] so they have a prominent position to next-generation batteries replacing LIBs. As for LIBs, a completely inert, oxygen Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are gaining widespread scientific and industrial attention thanks to their safety and potential environmental sustainability in comparison with other battery chemistries relying on organic electrolytes. AZIBs are good candidates for sustainable stationary storage, covering household energy needs or smoothing the intermittency associated with wind and solar energy. In spite of their potential as a sustainable energy storage technology, the study of their environmental repercussions remains unexplored. The environmental impacts associated with the fabrication of AZIBs are quantified using a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Six laboratory-scale battery designs offering high delivered capacity, energy density and operating lifespan are selected. The contribution of different battery components to eighteen environmental impact indicators is shown. An average value of 45.1 kg CO 2 equiv per 1 kWh is obtained considering the metallic Zn anode, the cathode, the separator, the aqueous electrolyte and the electricity required for cell assembly. AZIBs are environmentally competitive with lithium-ion, lithium-oxygen, lithium-sulfur, and sodium-ion battery technologies and are attractive from a Circular Economy viewpoint given the potential of renewable materials as separators and the high recycling rates of electrodes. The obtained results prove the suitability of zinc ion batteries as a sustainable stationary energy storage solution.

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“…Just recently, Ecomarinepower, in co-operation with Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan, introduced an emergency magnesium-air battery. Recently our group carried out a LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) analysis of a lab scale battery where the levelized cost of energy obtained revealed that this zinc technology could become competitive if cyclability is improved: a calculation for 2000 cycles delivered a capital cost for energy storage around 100 $/MWh/cycles, better than most of current technologies [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Use of GPEs in Zinc-Based Batteries. A Step Closer to Wearable Electronic Gadgets and Smart Textiles

2020

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With the flourish of flexible and wearable electronics gadgets, the need for flexible power sources has become essential. The growth of this increasingly diverse range of devices boosted the necessity to develop materials for such flexible power sources such as secondary batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, sensors, dye-sensitized solar cells, etc. In that context, comprehensives studies on flexible conversion and energy storage devices have been released for other technologies such Li-ion standing out the importance of the research done lately in GPEs (gel polymer electrolytes) for energy conversion and storage. However, flexible zinc batteries have not received the attention they deserve within the flexible batteries field, which are destined to be one of the high rank players in the wearable devices future market. This review presents an extensive overview of the most notable or prominent gel polymeric materials, including biobased polymers, and zinc chemistries as well as its practical or functional implementation in flexible wearable devices. The ultimate aim is to highlight zinc-based batteries as power sources to fill a segment of the world flexible batteries future market.

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Environmental and economical assessment for a sustainable Zn/air battery

Cited by 44 publications

References 34 publications

Properties of the PVA-VAVTD KOH Blend as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Zinc Batteries

Properties of the PVA-VAVTD KOH Blend as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Zinc Batteries

Environmental Impacts of Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Based on Life Cycle Assessment

A Review of the Use of GPEs in Zinc-Based Batteries. A Step Closer to Wearable Electronic Gadgets and Smart Textiles

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