Environmental and biological monitoring in the estimation of absorbed doses of pesticides

Aprea, Maria Cristina

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.008

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In general, protective measures related with protection from skin absorption seemed to have greater impact to exposure mitigation. It is estimated that skin absorption is the main route of exposure for farm workers and applicators, and contributes to more than 90% of the total dose 26. Protection from dermal exposure must be the top priority for pesticide handlers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece)

et al. 2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece)

et al. 2013

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“…In agricultural populations — the most frequently studied — living and working conditions are often hard to separate,3 with take-home exposures potentially biassing occupational exposure assessments 13. Exposure in farm workers may vary according to treated crop, (micro) climate, professional training, task performed, application method, use of personal protection equipment (PPE) and control measures, clothing and hygiene 14. Additionally, an increasing number and quantity of different active ingredients are being applied15; globally the average use of pesticides per area of cropland increased from 1.5 kg/ha in 1990 to 2.57 kg/ha in 2016 16.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of methods used to assess exposure to pesticides in occupational epidemiology studies, 1993–2017

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveNumerous exposure assessment methods (EAM) exist for investigating health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides. Direct (eg, biomonitoring) and indirect methods (eg, self-reported exposures) are however associated with degrees of exposure misclassification. We systematically reviewed EAM in studies of occupational pesticide exposure.MethodsWe searched for articles reporting observational epidemiological studies in MEDLINE and Embase published 1993 to 2017. The relative frequency of EAM was analysed according to EAM type (direct and indirect methods), health outcome, study design, study location (country) and specificity of assessment. Temporal trends in EAM were analysed.ResultsIn 1298 included articles 1521 EAM occurrences were documented. Indirect EAM (78.3%), primarily self-reported exposures (39.3%) and job titles assessments (9.5%), were mainly applied in case-control studies (95.0%), in high-income countries (85.0%) and in studies of doctor-diagnosed health outcomes (>85%). Direct EAM (20.8%), primarily biomonitoring of blood (15.6%) or urine (4.7%), were predominantly applied in cross-sectional studies (29.8%), in lower middle-income countries (40.9%) and in studies of neurological (50.0%) outcomes. Between 1993 to 2017 no distinct time trends regarding the ratio indirect to direct methods was seen. Within the category of indirect methods use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices increased while assessments by job titles and registers decreased. The use of algorithms showed no trend. The specificity of pesticide assessment increased since studies assessing exposure by using job title as a proxy declined. Assessments of type of pesticide increased.ConclusionOver the last 25 years, the ratio (5:1) of indirect to direct EAM applied in articles on occupational pesticide epidemiology stayed relatively constant; changes were mainly attributable to increasing use of self-reported exposures and job exposure matrices. This review, combined with studies assessing EAM validity, will inform on magnitudes of exposure misclassification and help improve the quality of studies on occupational pesticides exposure.

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“…Occupational exposure to pesticides may vary in relation to crop, climate, microclimate, task, application method, personal protection equipment, clothing, and personal hygiene (Aprea, 1994;Cowell et al, 1994;Thomas et al, 2010;Aprea, 2012). During occupational exposure, pesticides are prevalently absorbed through the skin and airways, with the inhaled fraction (aerosol or vapours) being an order lower www.efsa.europa.eu/publications 21 EFSA Supporting publication 2017:EN-1185…”

Section: Exposure Assessment For Pesticide Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational exposure to pesticides

Bevan¹,

Brown²,

Matthies³

et al. 2017

EFSA Supporting Publications

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Human biomonitoring (HBM) as a tool for occupational exposure assessment has been reviewed, with a specific focus on pesticides. A systematic literature review (SLR) of available information on HBM of pesticides (or their metabolites) in occupational settings and from HBM studies/surveillance programmes has been carried out and the studies identified assessed for relevance and quality. HBM essentially involves the quantification of either a substance, one of its metabolites, or a surrogate marker of its effects in a biological sample obtained from a person who may have undergone an exposure. Thus, HBM is generally considered to be an estimate of exposure, rather than a measure of health. Over the past 10 to 20 years there has been an expansion in the use of HBM, especially into the field of environmental and consumer exposure analysis, and it is currently well-developed and widely used in both the occupational and environmental settings worldwide. As with any tool, HBM has its strengths and weaknesses and appreciation of these promotes the development of approaches to minimise their effects. Although HBM has been extensively used for monitoring worker exposure to a variety of pesticides, epidemiological studies of occupational pesticide use were seen to be limited by inadequate or retrospective exposure information. Very limited data was identified examining seasonal exposures and the impact of PPE, and many of the studies used HBM to assess only one or two specific compounds. A wide variety of exposure models are currently employed for health risk assessments and biomarkers are often used to evaluate exposure estimates predicted by a model. From the 178 publications identified to be of relevance, 41 individual studies included herbicides, 79 individual studies included insecticides, and 20 individual studies included fungicides. Remaining studies related to mixtures or non-specific biomarkers for groups of pesticides. Although a number of current limitations were identified, there is evidence within the literature for a potential role of HBM in occupational health and safety strategies, as both a tool for refined exposure assessment in epidemiology studies and to contribute to the evaluation of potential health risks from occupational exposure to pesticides. Some key issues were considered that would need to be overcome to enable implementation of HBM as part of the occupational health surveillance for pesticides in Europe. These included issues around priorities for the development of new specific and sensitive biomarkers, the derivation and adoption of health-based guidance values, development of QA schemes to validate inter-laboratory measurements, good practice in field work and questionnaire design, consideration of the extended use of biobanking and the use of HBM for post-approval monitoring of pesticide safety.

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Environmental and biological monitoring in the estimation of absorbed doses of pesticides

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece)

Biomonitoring of organophosphate exposure of pesticide sprayers and comparison of exposure levels with other population groups in Thessaly (Greece)

Systematic review of methods used to assess exposure to pesticides in occupational epidemiology studies, 1993–2017

Human biomonitoring data collection from occupational exposure to pesticides

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