Environmental and anthropogenic effects on the nesting patterns of Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzees in North‐West Cameroon

Abstract

Environmental conditions and human activity influence the selection of nest sites by chimpanzees and may have serious conservation implications. We examined the characteristics of nesting trees preferred by chimpanzees, investigated the effect of vegetation composition and topography on nest site locations and seasonality on nesting heights of chimpanzees, and verified the effect of predator occurrence and human activity on the nesting behavior of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Kom‐Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) and surrounding unprotected forest in Cameroon. We recorded 923 nests, 502 signs of human activity, and 646 nesting trees along line transects and recces (reconnaissance) for two seasons. We found that chimpanzees constructed more arboreal nests on tall primary trees with high lowest branch height and large diameter at breast height. Moreover, they oriented their nests within trees in the slope direction when the nesting trees were located on slopes. Additionally, the occurrence of chimpanzee nests was positively related to increasing elevation and slope and decreased with distance to primary forest. In contrast, the number of nests increased with distance to secondary forest, open land, and villages, and nesting height was not influenced by seasons. While we recorded no signs of large nocturnal chimpanzee predators at nesting trees, we found signs of hunting activity at nesting locations. Nesting high in trees is likely a way of avoiding hunting, while nest orientation within trees in slope direction shortens escape routes from human hunters. Our findings suggest that chimpanzees select safe trees (tall trees with high lowest branch height) located in nesting areas (primary forest, high elevation, and steep slopes) that are not easily accessible by humans. Therefore, conservation efforts should focus on protecting primary forests at high elevation and steep slopes and reducing human impact.

The influence of vegetation structure on sleeping site selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)

“…guineensis, and U. vanhouttei) out of 171 tree species available in the research site (Table 2). The finding that chimpanzees selectively choose tree species to build sleeping platforms is consistent with results from many other research sites (Brownlow et al, 2001;Dutton et al, 2017;Fotang et al, 2021;Furuichi & Hashimoto, 2004;Granier et al, 2014;Hakizimana et al, 2015;Hernandez-Aguilar et al, 2013;Ndiaye et al, 2018;Samson & Hunt, 2014;Stanford & O'Malley, 2008). We showed that the variation in the average tree heights, the abundance of all trees, the abundance of preferred nesting tree species, overall, and per vegetation type may influence sleeping site selection by chimpanzees.…”

“…Evidence supports the hypothesis that chimpanzees may select sleeping sites in the proximity of feeding trees (Basabose & Yamagiwa, 2002; Furuichi & Hashimoto, 2004; Furuichi et al, 2001; Morgan et al, 2018) or where the abundance of their preferred sleeping trees is high (Furuichi & Hashimoto, 2004). On the other hand, the selection of sleeping sites is often determined by factors such as distance to secondary forests, water availability, human activities, elevation, slope, and canopy closure (Fotang et al, 2021; Hernandez‐Aguilar et al, 2013).…”

“…On the other hand, the selection of sleeping sites is often determined by factors such as distance to secondary forests, water availability, human activities, elevation, slope, and canopy closure (Fotang et al, 2021;Hernandez-Aguilar et al, 2013).…”

Impatiens banensp. nov. &I. etugeisp. nov. (Balsaminaceae), threatened lowland species of the Cross-Sanaga Interval, Cameroon

“…and with a mean annual rainfall of 2.4 m p.a, the wet season extending from mid-March to mid-October. Kom Wum is home to seven diurnal and six nocturnal primate species (Fotang et al . 2021).…”

Impatiens banen and Impatiens etugei (Balsaminaceae), new threatened species from lowland of the Cross-Sanaga Interval, Cameroon

“…and with a mean annual rainfall of 2.4 m p.a, the wet season extending from mid-March to mid-October. Kom Wum is home to seven diurnal and six nocturnal primate species (Fotang et al 2021). The plant species of Kom Wum are imperfectly known and there is no checklist of species yet available.…”