Environment regime influence on Chlorophyll-a abundance and distribution in North Indian Ocean

Abstract

North Indian Ocean region around India and Sri Lanka is a complex and rich coastal ecosystem undergoing various seasonal and inter-annual changes and various pressures. Hence the objective of this study was to assess the scales of coupling between chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a) and the influencing variables and explore the nature of the spatiotemporal variability of them. The seasonal and annual variations of chl-a along the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Arabian sea (AS) and ocean region around Sri Lanka in relation to the physical and chemical oceanographic variables were analyzed using satellite observations covering the period of 2002-2018. The effects of diffuse attenuation coefficient, photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), sea surface temperature (SST), Wind speed, Eastward wind component, Nitrate, Black carbon column mass density, Sea Salt Surface Mass Concentration, Open water net downward longwave flux, Surface emissivity were considered on a monthly time scale. Wavelet analysis and the Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) were used as the main analysis and modeling methods. The peaks of chl-a, diffuse attenuation coefficient, and nitrate were observed in September. In wind speed and eastward wind it was July and in black carbon column mass density, and PAR in March. In Sea Salt Surface Mass Concentration, Open water net downward longwave flux, Surface emissivity, Diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance, and SST mean maximums were found in June, February, November, September, April respectively. In BRT model the estimated cross validation (cv) deviance, standard error (se), training data correlation, cv correlation, and D2 were 0.003, 0.002, 0.932, 0.949, and 0.846 respectively. According to the results, diffuse attenuation coefficient (90%), eastward wind component (3.7%) and nitrate (3%) were the most positively correlated variables with Chl-a occurrence. SST evidenced an inverse relationship with Chl-a. According to the model built <42 Einsteinm-2day-1 PAR, <0.986 surface emissivity, <70 Wm-2 open water net downward long wave flux, 28.2 -28.5 0C SST , 2 ms-1 Wind speed, 5 ms-1 - 6 ms-1 eastward wind, 4.8 x10-8 -7x10-8 kgm-3 sea salt surface mass concentration, and 0.1-0.5micromoleL-1 nitrate are favourable for the optimum level of phytoplankton occurrence. Since BRT deals robustly with non-linear relationships of the environmental variables it can be used in further studies of ecological modeling.

Environment regime influence on Chlorophyll-a abundance and distribution in North Indian Ocean

“…AS is bounded to the east by India, to the north by Pakistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, and to the west by Oman and Somalia. The Arabian Sea is located in the monsoon region, hence nutrient cycle is affected by the monsoonal events (Karuppasamy, Muraleedharan, Dineshkumar, & Nair, 2010). The northern BoB is much productive than southern part since North region feeds from Ganges-Brahmaputra delta (Chauhan, Nagur, Mohan, Nayak, & Navalgund, 2001).…”

“…The SMC plays an important role in transferring of more saline water from the AS to the BoB (Jensen, 2001;Vinayachandran, Murty, & Ramesh Babu, 2002). They are linked with the remote forcing by the wind, as well as interactions with westward-propagating Rossby waves and eddies (Rath, Vinaychandran, Behara, & Neema, 2017).…”