Environment Changes, Aflatoxins, and Health Issues, a Review

Valencia-Quintana, Rafael; Milić, Mirta; Jakšić, Daniela; Klarić, Maja Šegvić; Tenorio-Arvide, María Guadalupe; Pérez-Flores, Guillermo Alejandro; Bonassi, Stefano; Sánchez-Alarcón, Juana

doi:10.3390/ijerph17217850

Cited by 51 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Contamination of dairy products by mycotoxins is more attributed to environmental factors that cause fungal growth on these products than ingestion of moldy feed by animals [12]. The main factors of fungal colonization and mycotoxins biosynthesis are changing weather, transportation, and storage of processed food and agriculture crops [13,14]. Different methods have been applied to minimize aflatoxins in animal feed, such as aflatoxin binders, ozone fumigation, essential oils, propolis, and biocontrol of toxigenic fungi, to stop its growth and prohibit mycotoxin excretion [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Aspergillus flavus causes human and animal diseases through either inhalation of fungal spores or ingestion of mycotoxins as aflatoxins produced in human and animal feed as secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to detect the incidence of A. flavus and its aflatoxins in human sputum and milk powder samples and explore the efficacy of pure propolis (PP) and propolis nanoemulsion (PNE) as natural decontaminants against fungal growth and its released aflatoxins. Materials and Methods: A. flavus was isolated by mycological culture and identified macroscopically and microscopically. Coconut agar medium and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to qualitatively detect aflatoxins in the isolated strains. Toxins were extracted from toxigenic strains by the fast extraction technique. The quantitative detection of toxin types was explored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PNE was prepared by a novel method using natural components and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Zetasizer, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of PP and PNE on A. flavus growth and its toxin were determined by the well-diffusion method and HPLC. Results: The mycological culture showed that 30.9% and 29.2% of sputum and milk powder samples were positive for A. flavus, respectively. TLC confirmed the production of 61.8% and 63.2% aflatoxin by the isolated strains in sputum and milk powder, respectively. PP and PNE showed antifungal activity on A. flavus growth with mean±standard error (SE) inhibition zones of 27.55±3.98 and 39.133±5.32 mm, respectively. HPLC revealed positive contamination of toxin extracts with AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 0.57±0.026, 0.28±0.043, and 0.1±0.05 mg/L, respectively. After treatment with PP and PNE, a significant decrease in AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 concentrations was observed. Conclusion: This study suggested using propolis and its nanoformulation as antifungal and antitoxins in human medicine and the food industry to increase the food safety level and stop food spoilage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples

et al. 2021

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“…As fungal growth, their germination, and production of mycotoxins are largely influenced by environmental conditions, especially the optimal conditions, temperature changes and change in humidity induced by climate change may several effects on production of mycotoxins. The mycotoxins usually produced at low temperature may not be produced at higher levels, whereas others predominant in tropical and sub-tropical regions, including aflatoxins, may be produced in temperate regions as a result of the expected rise in temperatures in these regions; for example, in Italy, in 2003 and 2004, hot and dry conditions resulted in the Aspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxins production [43]. Different mycotoxins can be affected differently, usually based on the optimum conditions required for their production.…”

Section: Effects Of Climate Change On Mycotoxins Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Growth and Mycotoxins Production: Types, Toxicities, Control Strategies, and Detoxification

Awuchi¹,

Ondari²,

Ifie³

et al. 2022

Fungal Reproduction and Growth

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Fungal growth and the production of mycotoxins are influenced by several factors. Environmental conditions such as temperature, water activity, and humidity affect mycotoxin production and fungal growth. Other factors such as pH, fungal strain, and substrate also play roles. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, sterigmatocystin (STC), citrinin, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, zearalenones (ZEAs), patulin, deoxynivalenol (DON), Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, 3-nitropropionic acid, etc. These toxins cause many health conditions in animals and humans, including death. A comprehensive approach starting from the field before planting, continuing throughout the entire food chain is required to control mycotoxin contamination. Good practices, such as proper field practices before and after planting, good harvest practices and postharvest handling, and proper drying and storage measures, help reduce mycotoxin contamination. Several physical, biological, and chemical techniques have been applied to help reduce/eliminate mycotoxin contamination. Food processing also play slight role in mycotoxins removal.

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“…HCC is a major consequence of AFs toxicity responsible for more than 320,000 incidences each year, making it the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths reported globally, and the 7th and 9th major type of cancer in men and women, respectively [11,16,32]. Moreover, AFB1, the most toxic of all AFs, accounts for around 25% of the global HCC incidences annually [14,21,35]. Due to frequent occurrence of AFs in cereals and their detrimental effects on human and animal health, AFs have been closely monitored and regulated by United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) since 1969 [4].…”

Section: Human Health Impacts Of Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review Of The Fundamental Factors And Processes Leading To The Accumulation Of Aflatoxins In Cereal Crops

Bhardwaj¹,

Adunphatcharaphon²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of cereals is considered one of the greatest food safety concerns worldwide. Occurrence of AFs in maize, wheat, rice and sorghum is highly prevalent with each commodity accounting for more than 10% of world’s AF exposure. Their occurrence as food contaminants is also associated with huge economic losses. AFs are highly stable compounds that cannot be eliminated by regular processing of grains. Hence, prevention of AFs in food and feed is now considered more important than the subsequent interventions to mitigate the deleterious health effects of AFs in human and animals. However, the development of an effective preventive strategy hinges on a clear understanding of the underlying factors influencing AFs production. Therefore, the present review aims to highlight the most significant factors influencing AFs contamination of cereals at pre-and post-harvest stages. This is crucial for effective monitoring of critical control points and optimisation of preventive strategies in food and feed supply chains. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been reported of which nutritional composition, environmental factors (temperature, water activity and relative humidity) and climate change have been identified as primary factors, while pH of the substrate, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the gaseous environment, and agronomic and socioeconomic status are the main secondary factors promoting AFs biosynthesis in cereals. Additionally, an overview of global occurrence of AFs in cereals, with their health impacts and various preventive measures have also been highlighted.

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Environment Changes, Aflatoxins, and Health Issues, a Review

Cited by 51 publications

References 68 publications

Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples

Antifungal and antitoxin effects of propolis and its nanoemulsion formulation against Aspergillus flavus isolated from human sputum and milk powder samples

Fungal Growth and Mycotoxins Production: Types, Toxicities, Control Strategies, and Detoxification

A Review Of The Fundamental Factors And Processes Leading To The Accumulation Of Aflatoxins In Cereal Crops

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