Envenomation by Micrurus coral snakes in the Brazilian Amazon region: report of two cases

Pardal, Pedro Pereira de Oliveira; Pardal, Joseana Silva de Oliveira; Gadelha, Maria Apolônia da Costa; Rodrigues, Liliam da Silva; Feitosa, Darlan Tavares; Prudente, Ana Lúcia da Costa; Fan, Hui Wen

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652010000600009

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The venom of the Argentinean Micrurus is as toxic as the venom of Micrurus that causes death in other countries 13,19,26,34,38 . In Brazil, a country with very similar characteristics regarding the fauna and snakebite epidemiology, Micrurus bites are also uncommon 4,14,25,27,31 and usually mild 6,9 representing about 0.4% of total snakebites with 0.36% mortality 25 , which is very consistent with our results.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

Roodt

Titto

Dolab³

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYEnvenomation by coral snakes (Micrurus sp.) is one of the most dangerous injuries in America and it is considered as a serious medical emergency, however bites by these snakes appear to be rare. We analyzed epidemiological data, clinical signs and antivenom use in Argentina during the period between . During this period of study 46 non-fatal Micrurus bites were reported. The majority of cases were men from 31 to 40 years old. Bites occurred primarily in spring and summer. Most cases were reported from the northeast and northwest provinces of the country. The bites were mostly located on hands or feet and occurred mostly during agricultural activities and so mainly involved farmers. Only four cases occurred as a result of handling snakes. The median time it took for antivenom to be administrated was 60 minutes after the bite, and the median number of vials applied was 2. Local pain was mentioned and edema was reported in 41% of patients. All patients recovered without sequelae. This study showed a low incidence of Micrurus bites and low severity of envenomation. However, although no deaths have been reported during the last 30 years, given the toxicity of the venom of Micrurus snakes, the risk of severe envenomation should be considered.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

Roodt

Titto

Dolab³

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Diverse studies have been done to evaluate the effect of Micrurus crude venom in causing edema. The experimental models vary significantly including: domestic felines (Felis catus) (Weis and Mac Isaac, 1971), cattle (Bos taurus) and horses (Equus caballus) (Bolaños et al, 1975), mice (Guti errez et al, 1986;Renjifo et al, 2012;de Roodt et al, 2012), as well as the important report of the accident in a human by Pardal et al (2010), with low intensity and transient edema. In those animal experimental models and human patients, there were variations in the edematogenic responses, varying from nonexistent to low intensity, wherein just a few Micrurus species are capable of inducing relevant edema, such as that produced by M. spixii.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological characterization of the Amazon coral Micrurus spixii snake venom: Isolation of a new neurotoxic phospholipase A2

Terra

Moreira-Dill

Simões-Silva

et al. 2015

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The Micrurus genus is the American representative of Elapidae family. Micrurus spixii is endemic of South America and northern states of Brazil. Elapidic venoms contain neurotoxins that promote curare-mimetic neuromuscular blockage. In this study, biochemical and functional characterizations of M. spixii crude venom were performed and a new neurotoxic phospholipase A2 called MsPLA2-I was isolated. M. spixii crude venom caused severe swelling in the legs of tested mice and significant release of creatine kinase (CK) showing its myotoxic activity. Leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 1.24 μg/mL) was also observed, along with antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, which are unprecedented for Micrurus venoms. MsPLA2-I with a Mr 12,809.4 Da was isolated from the crude venom of M. spixii. The N-terminal sequencing of a fragment of 60 amino acids showed 80% similarity with another PLA2 from Micrurus altirostris. This toxin and the crude venom showed phospholipase activity. In a mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, M. spixii venom and MsPLA2-I induced the blockage of both direct and indirect twitches. While the venom presented a pronounced myotoxic activity, MsPLA2-I expressed a summation of neurotoxic activity. The results of this study make M. spixii crude venom promising compounds in the exploration of molecules with microbicidal potential.

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“…The community surveys were conducted with forest-dwelling Indians and rubber tappers (seringueiros) in the Juruá Valley, Acre (7) , and with inhabitants of 10 riverine communities in the municipality of Berry, Amazonas. The case reports were all from the State of Pará (13) (15) (16) .…”

Section: Snakebite Epidemiology In the Brazilian Amazon: A Systematicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second case showed only mild signs of envenomation caused by Micrurus fi liformis. Both patients received specifi c Micrurus anti-venom and were discharged without further complications (16) .…”

Section: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 48(suppl I):34-41 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Snakebites as a largely neglected problem in the Brazilian Amazon: highlights of the epidemiological trends in the State of Amazonas

Feitosa

Sampaio

Sachett

et al. 2015

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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34www.scielo.br/rsbmt I www.rsbmt.org.br Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 48(Suppl I):34-41, 2015http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/0037-8682-0105-2013 Review Article ABSTRACT Envenoming snakebites are thought to be a particularly important threat to public health worldwide, especially in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries. The true magnitude of the public health threat posed by snakebites is unknown, making it diffi cult for public health offi cials to optimize prevention and treatment. The objective of this work was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to gather data on snakebite epidemiology in the Amazon region and describe a case series of snakebites from epidemiological surveillance in the State of Amazonas (1974Amazonas ( -2012. Only 11 articles regarding snakebites were found. In the State of Amazonas, information regarding incidents involving snakes is scarce. Historical trends show an increasing number of cases after the second half of the 1980s. Snakebites predominated among adults (20-39 years old; 38%), in the male gender (78.9%) and in those living in rural areas (85.6%). The predominant snake envenomation type was bothropic. The incidence reported by the epidemiological surveillance in the State of Amazonas, reaching up to 200 cases/100,000 inhabitants in some areas, is among the highest annual snakebite incidence rates of any region in the world. The majority of the cases were reported in the rainy season with a case-fatality rate of 0.6%. Snakebite envenomation is a great disease burden in the State of Amazonas, representing a challenge for future investigations, including approaches to estimating incidence under-notifi cation and casefatality rates as well as the factors related to severity and disabilities.

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Envenomation by Micrurus coral snakes in the Brazilian Amazon region: report of two cases

Cited by 32 publications

References 24 publications

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003

Biological characterization of the Amazon coral Micrurus spixii snake venom: Isolation of a new neurotoxic phospholipase A2

Snakebites as a largely neglected problem in the Brazilian Amazon: highlights of the epidemiological trends in the State of Amazonas

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