“…Some of the literature focused specifically on the factor of cruelty to animals with respect to its relationship to violence perpetrated against humans (see e.g., Arkow, 1998;Ascione, 1998aAscione, , 1998bDeViney, Dickert, & Lockwood, 1983;Felthous & Kellert, 1987;Lockwood & Church, 1998;Lockwood & Hodge, 1997;Ressler, Burgess, Hartman, Douglas, & McCormack, 1998;Spiegel, 1988;Tapia, 1971). Other studies included cruelty to animals as one of several factors investigated (Bender, 1959;Climent, Hyg, & Erwin, 1972;Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1997;Douglas & Olshaker, 1995;Easson & Steinhilber, 1961;Heide, 1992;Heller, Ehrlich, Saundra, & Lester, 1984;Hellman & Blackman, 1966;Holmes & De Burger, 1988;Holmes & Holmes, 1996;Justice, Justice, & Kraft, 1974;MacDonald, 1964;Mead, 1964;Wax & Haddox, 1974a, 1974b, 1974c. Some studies have concluded that cruelty to animals is a significant factor, whereas others have found it to be insignificant.…”