“…Diffusion models, a class of generative models based on deep learning [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , have exhibited superior performance, generating highly realistic data across various domains. Notable applications are found in image generation [2] , [41] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , image inpainting [61] , [62] , speech synthesis [63] , natural language processing [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , temporal data modelling [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , and multimodal modelling [39] , [41] , [55] , [74] . Diffusion-based generative models offer distinct advantages over other generative approaches, such as autoregressive models [75] , normalizing flows [76] , energy-based models [77] , variational auto-encoders (VAEs) [78] , and generative adversarial networks (GANs) [79] .…”