Entropy-based statistical analysis of eye movement transitions

Krejtz, Krzysztof; Szmidt, Tomasz; Duchowski, Andrew T.; Krejtz, Izabela

doi:10.1145/2578153.2578176

Cited by 72 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The greatest variations in time and the fixation numbers of each area depend on the type of the light source: higher concentration, processing of visual stimulus, visual scanning patterns with many fixations oriented to an AOI before moving to another, perception, and then lower entropy (that is, the higher information content transmitted [8,21,22]) were obtained with colder light, provided by the VWh-LED. Following the approach suggested in References [8,21,22], we could analyse the results on the perception and preferences of the observers, patterns of their visual scanning, and locally oriented viewing works of art under different LED sources, by Shannon entropy calculation and, consequently, the assessment of the information content of images that each light source can transmit.…”

Section: Entropy Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the approach suggested in References [8,21,22], we could analyse the results on the perception and preferences of the observers, patterns of their visual scanning, and locally oriented viewing works of art under different LED sources, by Shannon entropy calculation and, consequently, the assessment of the information content of images that each light source can transmit.…”

Section: Entropy Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lighting Design for Energy Sustainability, Information, and Perception. A Museum Environment as a Case Study

Balocco

Volante

2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:The aim of our research is to investigate the physical connection between light, perception, and information by means of an integrated methodological approach. The proposed method was used for sustainable lighting design aiming at light efficacy and quality, visual perception, communication, and energy saving. Three types of synergic measurement were carried out: photometric, colourimetric, and perception measurements. Starting from the results and the post-processing of photometric and colourimetric measurements on different light sources and fresco surfaces, by applying the eye-tracking technique for eye movement analysis of a people sample, entropy calculations were carried out. The results of observer perception and preferences, patterns of their visual scanning due to different LED (Light Emitting Diode) sources, were quantified by means of Shannon entropy calculation and, consequently, the information content of images that each light source can transmit. A new lighting proposal, based on the use of LED sources characterized by a spectral emission of light in strong compliance with surface colour and relevant transmission image content information was suggested and checked by transient simulations. Our proposal was based on sustainability because this concept is linked to developing perception and visual wellbeing, information, light communication, and lower energy consumption for maintenance, but especially for preventive conservation and the protection of works of art by means quality of light.

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Section: Entropy Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Entropy Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lighting Design for Energy Sustainability, Information, and Perception. A Museum Environment as a Case Study

Balocco

Volante

2018

Sustainability

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“…This method is inspired by the work of Krejtz, Szmidt, Duchowski, and Krejtz (2014) who analysed eye movement transition patterns between different regions of a stimuli. Using this approach we are able to test not only whether there is a difference between user tactic transition patterns, but also how they differ.…”

Section: Entropy As a Single Measure Of Tactic Transition Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond actions: Exploring the discovery of tactics from user logs

Qvarfordt

Halvey

et al. 2016

Information Processing & Management

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a b s t r a c tSearch log analysis has become a common practice to gain insights into user search behaviour: it helps gain an understanding of user needs and preferences, as well as an insight into how well a system supports such needs. Currently, log analysis is typically focused on low-level user actions, i.e. logged events such as issued queries and clicked results, and often only a selection of such events are logged and analysed. However, types of logged events may differ widely from interface to interface, making comparison between systems difficult. Further, the interpretation of the meaning of and subsequent analysis of a selection of events may lead to conclusions out of context-e.g. the statistics of observed query reformulations may be influenced by the existence of a relevance feedback component. Alternatively, in lab studies user activities can be analysed at a higher level, such as search tactics and strategies, abstracted away from detailed interface implementation. Unfortunately, until now the required manual codings that map logged events to higherlevel interpretations have prevented large-scale use of this type of analysis. In this paper, we propose a new method for analysing search logs by (semi-)automatically identifying user search tactics from logged events, allowing large-scale analysis that is comparable across search systems. In addition, as the resulting analysis is at a tactical level we reduce potential issues surrounding the need for interpretation of low-level user actions for log analysis. We validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed tactic identification method using logs of two reference search systems of different natures: a product search system and a video search system. With the identified tactics, we perform a series of novel log analyses in terms of entropy rate of user search tactic sequences, demonstrating how this type of analysis allows comparisons of user search behaviours across systems of different nature and design. This analysis provides insights not achievable with traditional log analysis.

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“…In particular, the colour appearance and colour quality have been studied under different light sources and LED lighting settings [10,11,12]. Different approaches, based on Shannon entropy, have been proposed to study light and visual perception [13,14,15]. A "visual entropy" method combined with eye-tracker and spectral emission of light sources measurements has been used to assess the order of fixation transitions of driving-related eye-movements [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others authors have provided a method for choosing informative lighting directions for physical objects through Shannon entropy [14]. Krejtz et al [15] have suggested a method for quantifying eye movement transitions between different AOIs of works of art, using Shannon entropy for the calculation of stationary and transitional distribution of fixations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%