Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective

Struchtrup, Henning

doi:10.3390/e22070793

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Order, disorder and randomness, all close relatives of entropy, are ambiguous concepts too (Landsman, 2020;Lambert, 2002;Annila and Baverstock, 2016); as one can read in a recent publication, "Order, or disorder, are not well-defined concepts" (Struchtrup, 2020), which echoes the older statement by the mathematician Hans Freudenthal in 1969: "It may be taken for granted that any attempt at defining disorder in a formal way will lead to a contradiction. This does not mean that the notion of disorder is contradictory.…”

Section: The Ambiguous Ordermentioning

confidence: 98%

Is the Tendency to Maximise Energy Distribution an Optimal Collective Activity for Biological Purposes? A Proposal for a Global Principle of Biological Organization

Velázquez¹,

Mateos²,

Erra³

2022

Preprint

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Our purpose is to address the biological problem of finding foundations of the organization in the collective activity among cell networks in the nervous system, at the meso/macroscale, giving rise to cognition and consciousness. But in doing so, we encounter another problem related to the interpretation of methods to assess the neural interactions and organization of the neurodynamics, because thermodynamic notions, which have precise meaning only under specific conditions, have been widely employed in these studies. The consequence is that apparently contradictory results appear in the literature, but these contradictions diminish upon the considerations of the specific circumstances of each experiment. After clarifying some of these controversial points and surveying some experimental results, we propose that a necessary condition for cognition/consciousness to emerge is to have available enough energy, or cellular activity; and a sufficient condition is the multiplicity of configurations in which cell networks can communicate, resulting in non-uniform energy distribution, the generation and dissipation of energy gradients due to the constant activity. These ideas may reveal possible fundamental principles of brain organization and how healthy activity may derive to pathological states.

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Section: The Ambiguous Ordermentioning

confidence: 98%

Is the Tendency to Maximise Energy Distribution an Optimal Collective Activity for Biological Purposes? A Proposal for a Global Principle of Biological Organization

Velázquez¹,

Mateos²,

Erra³

2022

Preprint

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“…with initial and boundary conditions (2), where x 0 = ε 0 / kT L is the dimensionless energy of particles δ -source, θ(x)=…”

Section: The Second Law In An Open Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the second law considers the transition (relaxation) from a nonequilibrium state to an equilibrium one, it is better to implement the microscopic description by the kinetic theory, the results of which have an explicit time dependence. L. Boltzmann in his famous H -theorem, carried out the first such consideration, which is a microscopic substantiation of the second law for isolated systems [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems

Tadjibaev¹,

Tojiboev²

2023

The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems

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By solving the Fokker -Planck equations, the distribution functions of heavy particles in a thermostat of light particles (Rayleigh gas) with and without external sources of heavy particles were previously obtained. From the obtained non-stationary distribution functions, having determined the entropy according to L. Boltzmann, analytical expressions for the production of entropy in open and isolated systems are found. The first introduced the concept of production of negentropy. The algebraic sum of the entropy and negentropy productions is defined as the generalized entropy production. It is shown that the sign of the generalized production of entropy determines the direction of relaxation of the open system, and the equality of the generalized production of entropy to zero ensures the balance of entropy and the stationarity of the state of the system. The second law of thermodynamics in open systems is formulated as, when an open system relaxes into a nonequilibrium stationary state, the generalized production of entropy decreases in absolute value and is equal to zero in a stationary nonequilibrium state.

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“…, lo que indica que la energía E al interior del sistema cambia con los ingresos y las salidas, al igual que por transferencia de calor y trabajo que mueve masa a través de los límites; sumado a ello, varias contribuciones al trabajo y a la transferencia de calor, siendo esta . Toda masa que ingresa o sale del sistema carga entropía (un flujo de entropía asociado a un flujo de masa se sintetiza en S =m ṡ, siendo s una media específica de entrada y salida de entropía) y añadiendo términos apropiados para entrada y salida de la segunda ley en los sistemas cerrados se obtiene la segunda ley, el balance de la entropía en los sistemas abiertos: , en donde la entropía S cambia a la entrada y salida del sistema, al igual que a la transferencia de entropía causada por la transferencia de calor y a la generación de entropía ocasionada por procesos irreversibles dentro del sistema (Sgen ≥0), aunque si los procesos dentro del sistema son reversibles, la generación de entropía se desvanece (Sgen=0), sin olvidar que Qk es el calor que cruza el límite del sistema y la temperatura límite es Tk (Struchtrup, 2020).…”

Economía y organizaciones, un acercamiento desde la perspectiva de la sostenibilidad y la entropía

Medina-Rojas

Barón-Martínez

2020

Rev. luna azul (En línea)

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El presente escrito realiza un ejercicio de ilación entre componentes sociales como la economía y las organizaciones con elementos de las ciencias naturales tales como la ecología y el medio ambiente, mediante el uso de la interdisciplinariedad al aplicar herramientas que busquen su interrelación como lo es la entropía o la teoría general de sistemas. La información obtenida deriva de la revisión de la literatura, siendo estas fuentes secundarias especializadas en las temáticas propuestas a partir de una perspectiva holística. El objetivo es establecer la conexión adecuada de los campos de interés en un marco donde existe gran preocupación en la actualidad, fruto de un cúmulo de observaciones y experiencias que registra la humanidad, por lo que el concepto de desarrollo sostenible hace presencia y se fortalece en el plano actual. Con ello se logra concatenar y entender que las organizaciones (unidad clave del desarrollo económico) y el ser humano tienen un rol dentro del sistema, que hacen parte del entorno biótico y abiótico, que mantienen flujos energéticos con impactos acumulados al medio ambiente y, por tal motivo, el conocimiento y desarrollo de mecanismos de mejora resulta ser imperativo en el presente.

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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Is the Tendency to Maximise Energy Distribution an Optimal Collective Activity for Biological Purposes? A Proposal for a Global Principle of Biological Organization

Is the Tendency to Maximise Energy Distribution an Optimal Collective Activity for Biological Purposes? A Proposal for a Global Principle of Biological Organization

The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems

Economía y organizaciones, un acercamiento desde la perspectiva de la sostenibilidad y la entropía

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