Entropy Analysis of COVID-19 Cardiovascular Signals

Bajić, Dragana; Đajić, Vlado; Milovanovic, Branislav

doi:10.3390/e23010087

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Bajic et al identified features of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 employing entropy analysis applied to integrated transformed probability signals, common symbolic dynamics entropy and copulaparameters [ 57 ]. Interrupted sleep and irregular sleep patterns are common in patients with COVID-19.…”

Section: Anatomy Of the Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series

Becker

2021

J Thromb Thrombolysis

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a complex network of nerves originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, heart and extracardiac organs that regulates neural and physiological responses to internal and external environments and conditions. A common observation among patients with the 2019 Coronavirus (CoV) (SARS-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2) (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 [ CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019)] in the acute and chronic phases of the disease is tachycardia, labile blood pressure, muscular fatigue and shortness of breath. Because abnormalities in the ANS can contribute to each of these symptoms, herein a review of autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection is provided to guide diagnostic testing, patient care and research initiatives. Graphic abstract The autonomic nervous system is a complex network of nerves originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, heart and extracardiac organs that regulates neural and physiological responses to internal and external environments and conditions. A common collection of signs and symptoms among patients with the 2019 Coronavirus (CoV) (SARS-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2) (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 [ CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019)] is tachycardia, labile blood pressure, muscular fatigue and shortness of breath. Abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can contribute to each of these identifiers, potentially offering a unifying pathobiology for acute, subacute and the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) and a target for intervention.

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Section: Anatomy Of the Autonomic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series

Becker

2021

J Thromb Thrombolysis

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“…These results indicated a significant but steady difference in the COVID-19 reproduction ratio and entropy, respectively, with a clear indication of the uncertainties surrounding the pandemic [35,36]. It is therefore important to note that information entropy can be useful in differentiating between severe and mild COVID-19 patients [37,38,39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Predicting the Number of COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in USA

Felix

Ozigbu

Conserve

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Uncertainties surrounding the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) remain a major global health challenge and requires attention. Researchers and medical experts have made remarkable efforts to reduce the number of cases and prevent future outbreaks through vaccines and other measures. However, there is little evidence on how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection entropy can be applied in predicting the possible number of infections and deaths. In addition, more studies on how the COVID-19 infection density contributes to the rise in infections are needed. This study demonstrates how the SARS-COV-2 daily infection entropy can be applied in predicting the number of infections within a given period. In addition, the infection density within a given population attributes to an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases and, consequently, the new variants. Result: Using the COVID-19 initial data reported by Johns Hopkins University, World Health Organization and Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, the result shows that the original SAR-COV-2 strain has R0<1 with an initial infection growth rate entropy of 9.11 bits for the United States. At close proximity the average infection time for an infected individual to infect others within a susceptible population is approximately 7 minutes. Assuming no vaccines were available, in the United States, the number of infections could range between 41,220,199 and 82,440,398 in late March 2022 with approximately, 1,211,036 deaths. However, with the available vaccines, nearly 48 Million COVID-19 cases and 706, 437 deaths have been prevented. Conclusion: The proposed technique will contribute to the ongoing investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic and a blueprint to address the uncertainties surrounding the pandemic.

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“…A reduction in HRV is a marker of sympathetic overdrive and autonomic dysfunction and, in the set of CV diseases, has been linked to an increase mortality [ 33 ]. It has been evaluated also in COVID patients in which two studies found a significant reduction in HRV (and so the presence of sympathetic overdrive) in infected patients [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Rate in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Prevalence of High Values at Discharge and Relationship with Disease Severity

Maloberti

Ughi

Bernasconi

et al. 2021

JCM

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The most common arrhythmia associated with COronaVIrus-related Disease (COVID) infection is sinus tachycardia. It is not known if high Heart Rate (HR) in COVID is simply a marker of higher systemic response to sepsis or if its persistence could be related to a long-term autonomic dysfunction. The aim of our work is to assess the prevalence of elevated HR at discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and to evaluate the variables associated with it. We enrolled 697 cases of SARS-CoV2 infection admitted in our hospital after February 21 and discharged within 23 July 2020. We collected data on clinical history, vital signs, laboratory tests and pharmacological treatment. Severe disease was defined as the need for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and/or mechanical ventilation. Median age was 59 years (first-third quartile 49, 74), and male was the prevalent gender (60.1%). 84.6% of the subjects showed a SARS-CoV-2 related pneumonia, and 13.2% resulted in a severe disease. Mean HR at admission was 90 ± 18 bpm with a mean decrease of 10 bpm to discharge. Only 5.5% of subjects presented HR > 100 bpm at discharge. Significant predictors of discharge HR at multiple linear model were admission HR (mean increase = β = 0.17 per bpm, 95% CI 0.11; 0.22, p < 0.001), haemoglobin (β = −0.64 per g/dL, 95% CI −1.19; −0.09, p = 0.023) and severe disease (β = 8.42, 95% CI 5.39; 11.45, p < 0.001). High HR at discharge in COVID-19 patients is not such a frequent consequence, but when it occurs it seems strongly related to a severe course of the disease.

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Entropy Analysis of COVID-19 Cardiovascular Signals

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series

Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series

Predicting the Number of COVID-19 Infections and Deaths in USA

Heart Rate in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Prevalence of High Values at Discharge and Relationship with Disease Severity

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