Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer

The graduation performance of technology business incubators in China’s three tier cities: the role of incubator funding, technical support, and entrepreneurial mentoring

“…Incubator technical service support An extensive literature focusing on TBIs associated with universities highlights the importance of resident technology-based start-ups being able to access a university's knowledge-based assets (Acs and Storey 2004;Audresch and Stephen 1996;Rothaermel and Thursby 2005b;Markman et al 2005;Lundqvist 2014). TBIs associated with universities typically offer access to knowledge resources that are the product of research undertaken by academic staff and therefore owned by the universities (Mian 1996;Lofsten and Lindelof 2002;Siegel et al 2003;Rothaermel and Thursby 2005b;Ratinbo and Henriques 2010).…”

“…This can be essential in contexts where there is a dearth of other external sources of funding (Markman et al 2005;Xiao and North 2012). Incubator finance could be the only external finance source available to young technology-based firms, which are likely to be seen as very high risk investments, particularly at the start-up stage of business development.…”

“…The principal drivers for establishing technology business incubators (TBIs) are to facilitate the formation and growth of early stage technology-based firms and to promote regional economic development by providing much needed support services Ratinbo and Henriques 2010;Markman et al 2005;McAdam and McAdam 2008;Siegel et al 2007Siegel et al , 2003. State authorities in a diverse range of both developed and developing economies have invested public resources and encouraged private investment in establishing TBIs to address the market failures associated with the early stages of firm development (OECD 1997;Phan et al 2005) and/or to accelerate the entrepreneurial process through institutionalising the support for ventures with high growth potential (Hansen et al 2000).…”

Entrepreneurial practices in research-intensive and teaching-led universities

“…The current UK policy focus on research-led universities and their role in promoting international competitiveness is consistent with the view of the university as a provider of technological knowledge, critical for innovation and economic growth (Mian 2011;Markman et al 2005). Related to this is the academic discourse on the economic and geographical dimensions of university-industry links, which tends to focus on tangible, easy to quantify, knowledge transfer mechanisms such as patenting, licensing and knowledge-intensive spinouts (Agrawal and Henderson 2002;Di Gregorio and Shane 2003;Thompson and Fox-Kean 2005).…”

Public policy for academic entrepreneurship initiatives: a review and critical discussion

“…Trade-offs can be connected to even more specific issues such as TTO strategies (Markman et al 2005) or the choices between an academic career and entrepreneurship that individual scientists may have to make (Toole and Czarnitzki 2010). Incubator strategies can also be an issue of trade-offs: closer ties to the university imply higher quality research but also increases the risk of the company remaining in the incubator instead of becoming independent (Rothaermel and Thursby 2005a;Johansson et al 2005).…”