Entrepreneur Role Prototypes and Role Identity in the U.S., China, and Taiwan.

Introduction: the ABCs of women’s entrepreneurial identity – aspirations, behaviors and confidence

“…This body of research has grown significantly and has evolved from the idea of typologies and the investigation of stereotypes to a deeper, and also broader, study of entrepreneurial identity, including the contribution of discourse and narrative as a methodology (Fletcher, 2007;Foss, 2004;Johansson, 2004;Warren, 2004;Downing, 2005;Berglund, 2008;Down and Warren, 2008;Phillips et al, 2013), passion (Cardon et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2009;Murnieks et al, 2014) and persistence (Hoang and Gimeno, 2010), industry (Vesala et al, 2007;Lindgren and Packendorff, 2008;Jain et al, 2009), family business (Shepherd and Haynie, 2009;Watson, 2009), type of company (Miller et al, 2011) and geographic region and/or culture (Erogul and McCrohan, 2008;Farmer and Kung-Mcintyre, 2008;Kikooma, 2011;Gill and Larson, 2014). Two more recent compelling paths have included the pursuit of understanding any potential differences related to identities within a defined arena of social entrepreneurship (Light, 2005;Jones et al, 2008), and the role of entrepreneurship education in shaping entrepreneurial identities (Edwards and Muir, 2012;Vanevenhoven and Liguori, 2013;Hytti and Heinonen, 2013;Donnellon et al, 2014).…”

Does Congruence with an Entrepreneur Social Identity Encourage Positive Emotion Under Environmental Dynamism?

“…Following the procedure outlined by Farmer, Yao, and Kung‐Mcintyre (), we sampled a group of 220 individuals who were not entrepreneurs and asked them to rate the prototypicality of all 45 semantic differential pairs for an entrepreneur. These individuals were undergraduate students at a large state university (54 percent were male and 86 percent were business majors).…”

“…The entrepreneur social identity encompasses the characteristics involved with starting businesses and distinguishes this particular in‐group as separate and unique from members in society who do not start their own businesses. In their study of identity aspirations, Farmer, Yao, and Kung‐Mcintyre () find that entrepreneur prototypes can be characterized by traits such as creativity, passion, persistence, and risk‐taking. From a functional standpoint, prototypes are important because they furnish consensual validation for one's self‐concept and related cognition and behavior (Hogg and Terry ).…”

Entrepreneurial identity: Professional virtues moderate attraction and persistence

“…Ireland and Webb (2007, p. 916) went further than this, asserting, "entrepreneurship is a process of identity construction. " Farmer, Yao, and Kung-McIntyre (2008) examined how nascent entrepreneurs develop role-identity. The researchers hypothesized that role-identity construction is a matter of identifying role prototypes and then endeavoring to adopt the characteristics associated with that role.…”