Entre consolidation et remise en cause: Les tribulations de la loi sur la parité depuis le 6 juin 2000

Electoral competition and gender quotas: dearth of female applicants or structural resistance?

“…NFSs are no exception; circumvention strategies exist wherever gender quotas apply. In politics, some parties prefer to pay fines rather than choose female candidates (Troupel 2013). Some firms have changed their status or reduced the size of the board in order to sidestep the law (Ahern andDittmar 2012, Gresy 2016).…”

“…In this sense, informal rules pertaining to access to power positions tend to favour homosocial reproduction, and continue to reflect a masculine version of leaders (Hovden 2000, Claringbould and Knoppers 2007, 2013. Criteria are thought to be meritocratic and gender neutral, but they remain detrimental to women and minorities.…”

“…When the information was not online, we asked for it by email or over the phone. After a good deal of contact, we gathered 87 official electoral reports related to the 2016-2017 elections (35/36 Olympic, 36/50 non-Olympic unisport and 16/21 multisport) and 27 official electoral reports related to the -2013. Aggregated data related to the gender composition of the previous Olympiads comes from the Ministry's database.…”

Gender parity thwarted? The effect of electoral reform on Senate and European Parliamentary elections in France, 1999–2011

“…The most recent parity legislation (December 2010), involving municipal elections, is not encouraging (Troupel, 2012). Reining in party proliferation would also be a difficult task, but unless some recognition of these varied obstacles to parity are made by the national legislature or the largest parties, the impact of French parity law will remain quite modest.…”

Policy analysis in French local government

“…Other studies suggest that public policy has developed, earlier and more effectively, policies that have subsequently become an essential component of the new social contract. For example, the decisive entry of women into local and regional governments, as well as the reform of departmental elections (Troupel, 2017) contrasts with the erratic implementation of national parity laws (Troupel, 2013). Apart from representation issues, it was also at the local level that the first women's rights policies were forged, of which no one today disputes the centrality in contemporary democracy (Mazur and McBride, 2006).…”