Entrance Surface, Organ and Effective Doses for some of the Patients Undergoing Different Types of X Ray Procedures in Bangladesh

Abstract

Entrance surface doses (ESDs) were measured for the most common types of X ray procedures, such as chest PA, lumber spine AP, lumber spine lateral, skull AP, skull lateral and pelvis AP in four major hospitals of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Organ/tissue doses for 29 organs/tissues and effective doses for the patients were also calculated using the entrance surface dose as the input quantity. Organ/tissue doses and effective doses were calculated by using XDOSE software based on the Monte Carlo computation method. It was observed that the fluctuation of the entrance surface dose was too large. The ratio of maximum and minimum ESD values ranged from 4.8 to 35.9. Consequently, variation of organ doses was large even in the same type of X ray examination and in the same facility. Mean effective doses for the above mentioned X ray procedures were also determined and compared with the effective doses of some other countries. In most cases effective doses measured for the different types of X ray procedures were found to be lower than the effective doses of some other countries.

Patient exposure dose for chest and skull radiographies in Mazandaran hospitals

“…The generators were matched as much as possible for the combination conditions of mAs, kvp, type of amplifier sheets, and daily work load in the hospitals, so the measurements would not be biased by these factors [15].…”

Assessment of the radiation dose associated with X-ray examinations using the DoseCal and CALDose_X software packages

“…In figure 4(a-c), a comparison is established between the average ESD, ESAK and exposure factor values obtained in this study and the ESD values reported in previous studies from India (24) , Korea (25) , Iran (26) , the United Kingdom (UK) (27) , Malaysia (28) , Switzerland (29) , Bangladesh (30) , Bulgaria (31) , Italy (32) , Sudan (33) , Nigeria (34) , Lithuania (35) and Russia (36) . It can be observed that the mean ESD values of the skull LAT exami- nation in this study were higher than those reported in the UK (27) but less than those in several other countries (24,(28)(29)(30)(31)(34)(35)(36) . In this study, we chose to compare our mean ESD values with the internationally reported dose metrics, but the recent recommendations favour median values.…”

Investigation of patient dose from common radiology examinations in Isfahan, Iran

“…While, the value of ESD measured at this study was significantly greater than those recorded in some other countries such as the United States,[10] Greece,[1112] Brazil,[13] and Bangladesh. [14] In Greece, the mean values of ESD were found to be 0.044 mGy for chest PA and 0.043 mGy for chest LAT. In Brazil mean values of ESD for PA and LAT projections were 0.22 and 0.98 mGy, respectively.…”

“…While in the United States,[10] Greece,[1112] Brazil,[13] and Bangladesh[14] investigations showed that patients dose from common X-ray examination were below the ICRP reference doses.…”