Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Kaya, Harry K.; Gaugler, Randy

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145

Cited by 1,076 publications

(775 citation statements)

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“…Unlike most parasites they kill their host, with the aid of their associated symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus spp. (Kaya and Gaugler, 1993). The life cycle is direct: IJs actively invade living insects and release their bacteria in the haemocoel, resulting in death of the host, often within 48 h. Sex is chromosomally determined (Poinar, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex ratios and sex-biased infection behaviour in the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema

Alsaiyah

Ebssa

Zenner

et al. 2009

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tIn experimentally infected insects, the sex ratio of first generation nematodes of five species of Steinernema was female-biased (male proportion 0.35-0.47). There was a similar female bias when the worms developed in vitro (0.37-0.44), indicating that the bias in these species is not due to a lower rate of infection by male infective juveniles (IJs). Experimental conditions influenced the proportion of males establishing in insects, indicating that male and female IJs differ in their behaviour. However, there was no evidence that males are the colonising sex in any species, contrary to what has previously been proposed. Time of emergence from the host in which the nematodes had developed influenced sex ratios in experimental infections. In three species (Steinernema longicaudum, Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema kraussei), early emerged nematodes had a higher proportion of males than those that emerged later, with the reverse trend for Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae. In a more detailed in vitro study of S. longicaudum, the proportion of males was similar whether or not the nematodes passed through the developmentally arrested IJ stage, indicating that the female bias is not due to failure of males to exit this stage. The sex ratio in vitro was independent of survival rate from juvenile to adult, and was female-biased even when all juveniles developed, indicating that the bias is not explained by failure of males to develop to adults. The female-biased sex ratio characteristic of Steinernema populations appears to be present from at least the early juvenile stage. We hypothesise that the observed female bias is the population optimal sex ratio, a response to cycles of local mate competition experienced by nematodes reproducing within insect hosts interspersed with periods of outbreeding with less closely related worms following dispersal. Ó

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex ratios and sex-biased infection behaviour in the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema

Alsaiyah

Ebssa

Zenner

et al. 2009

International Journal for Parasitology

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“…We preferentially chose dead adults that had maintained their body integrity and had turned a red-black color. Hosts successfully killed by H. bacteriophora typically take on a characteristic red-black color (Kaya and Gaugler 1993). These individuals were placed on plaster of paris blocks, wetted with distilled water, put in a small petri dish (50 mm diameter), and placed in a dark growth chamber at 25ЊC for 7 d. After this time we examined each individual phylloxera under a dissecting microscope for evidence of infective juveniles.…”

Section: Phylloxera Colony Maintenance and Protocols Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, there has been renewed interest in controlling soil insect populations with entomopathogenic nematodes (Kaya and Gaugler 1993). Entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema spp. are in current use, or being considered for use, as commercial control agents against soil insects in many agricultural and horticultural systems (Gaugler and Kaya 1990, Kaya 1990, Georgis and Gaugler 1991, Kaya and Gaugler 1993. The results from these efforts, however, have been variable, presumably be-cause factors that prohibit or interfere with pathogen epizootics in the soil (e.g., edaphic environmental factors and insect/pathogen interactions) have not been clearly understood nor adequately addressed (Villani and Wright 1990, Georgis and Gaugler 1991, Schroeder et al 1993.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae): A Laboratory Evaluation

et al. 1999

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“…Additionally, they can be used together with other measures, including the application of chemical products (Koppenhöfer et al, 2002;Reis-Menini et al, 2008). EPNs also have the ability to find hosts that have cryptic habits Gaugler, 1993), such as spittlebugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

et al. 2014

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The spittlebug can seriously limit the production of forage, and the use of chemical products to control insect pests is costly and can harm the environment. Thus, there is a need to reduce the reliance on chemical agents by developing new strategies. The virulence of nine strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to spittlebugs was investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Fourth/fifth-instar nymphs of Mahanarva spectabilis were exposed to EPNs in the laboratory and the most virulent strains were applied on the nymphs in the greenhouse at concentrations of 2,000 and 4,000 EPNs/mL. The efficacy of the pathogenic agent was confirmed by the dissection of dead hosts. All the tested strains were pathogenic to the M. spectabilis nymphs in laboratory, particularly Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave and Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC1, each of which caused nymph mortality higher than 80%. The concentration did not influence the efficiency of the strains, and those selected in the laboratory had similar efficiency in the greenhouse, except for S. carpocapsae, which was not as effective as the others. Entomopathogenic nematodes can be included in integrated pest management programs to M. spectabilis.

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Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Cited by 1,076 publications

References 0 publications

Sex ratios and sex-biased infection behaviour in the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema

Sex ratios and sex-biased infection behaviour in the entomopathogenic nematode genus Steinernema

Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae): A Laboratory Evaluation

Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

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