Entomology of the Cocoa Farm

Leston, Dennis

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001421

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A limited body of work upholds the notion that cacao farms with a diverse shade canopy support greater biological diversity, particularly of forest-dependent organisms, than other cash crop systems in the lowland tropics (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Rustic Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, even the most diverse rustic shade farms are highly modified compared to natural forest-combining forest generalist and early successional species (7,16,17); tropical forest specialists are often missing. For example, one study found only two out of seven forest Anolis lizard species in rustic plantations in Costa Rica (18).…”

Section: Rustic Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Capsids (Miridae), small plant-sucking insects that attack cacao pods and are the vectors of viral disease, developed resistance to aldrin and lindane in the early 1960s in Ghana. Several authorities have suggested that the removal of shade and the spraying of insecticides are two major contributing factors in the development of pest species in cacao (5,7). The use of shade can lessen a farmer's dependence on chemicals.…”

Section: The Role Of Shade In Pest and Disease Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cacao Cultivation and the Conservation of Biological Diversity

Rice¹,

Greenberg²

2000

AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment

339

207

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Section: Rustic Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rustic Cacaomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Shade In Pest and Disease Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cacao Cultivation and the Conservation of Biological Diversity

Rice¹,

Greenberg²

2000

AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment

339

207

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“…Although neem extracts may not be completely free of adverse non-target effects, several studies have shown that, overall, their effect on beneficial insects is negligible when compared with most synthetic pesticides (Schmutterer, 1990(Schmutterer, , 2002. Whereas synthetic pesticides affect the beneficial insects in the cocoa ecosystem (Leston, 1970;Wood and Lass, 1985), Duindam (2006), in a study in the same research area, showed that when sprayed with 200 g/l of ANSE, O. longinoda did not abandon their nests until after 28 days; an indication that the effect of neem extracts on them was minimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness and profitability of integrated pest management for improving yield on smallholder cocoa farms in Ghana

Dormon

Huis

Leeuwis

2007

JTI

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Abstract. Many pests, especially capsid bugs, infest cocoa and contribute to low yields in producing countries. In Ghana, synthetic pesticides are recommended for controlling the insect pests, and a combination of synthetic pesticides and cultural practices for diseases and weeds. However, the farmers in Ghana are not motivated to adopt these recommendations due to the high cost of pesticides and low producer prices. There is also concern that use of synthetic pesticides on a wide scale can affect both human health and the environment. With the objective of improving cocoa yields through environmentally friendly pest control practices, evaluation of an integrated pest management (IPM) package based on aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed extracts to control the insect pests and cultural practices to manage the diseases, weeds and parasitic plants was undertaken in farmers' fields with their active participation. The IPM package improved yields significantly and was found to be more profitable than the farmers' practices. However, there are two major constraints to adoption of the package by farmers: it is labour-intensive and currently, neem is not readily available to the community. The study recommends that these constraints must be tackled to motivate the farmers to adopt or adapt the IPM package.

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“…CSSV is transmitted by over 20 species of mealybugs from a single family Pseudococcidae (Dale, 1962;Dzahini-Obiatey, 2008;Leston, 1970;Thresh and Tinsley, 1959), but the predominant species currently found in the field are Planococcus citri and Planococcoides njalensis (Dzahini-Obiatey, 2008). To control CSSV in the field, either the mealybug or the virus has to *Corresponding author.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early signs of infection in Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) inoculated cocoa seeds and the discovery of the cotyledons of the resultant plants as rich sources of CSSV

Dzahini-Obiatey¹,

Fox²

2010

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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Despite the huge efforts and funds expended to try and bring Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) disease under control, the disease has remained largely intractable. Inspired by the need to inject new ideas into the current breeding programmes for CSSV resistance, the interactions between cocoa and the virus in CSSV-infected plants from 3 days post inoculation (dpi) to about 30 dpi were studied using both microscopic and molecular methods. Cellular modifications such as nucleic acid-rich inclusion bodies, apoptosis, and the in situ localisation of the virus in novel tissues that is cotyledons and hypocotyl, were discerned by microscopic examinations. These cellular modifications were observed in cotyledons of seedlings as young as 8 dpi. By validating these microscopic results using PCR it was also discovered that the cotyledons of the inoculated plants were virus-rich. CSSV was amplified or detected in total DNAs extracted from all 4 CSSV-isolates studied, and in some cases the detection was from as early as 3dpi plants. Compared to cocoa leaves, the traditional source from which CSSV or its DNA is usually extracted, the cotyledons were much easier to process and analyse. The significance of these findings to the CSSV-resistant breeding programmes, and to CSSV research in general is discussed.

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Entomology of the Cocoa Farm

Cited by 81 publications

References 29 publications

Cacao Cultivation and the Conservation of Biological Diversity

Cacao Cultivation and the Conservation of Biological Diversity

Effectiveness and profitability of integrated pest management for improving yield on smallholder cocoa farms in Ghana

Early signs of infection in Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) inoculated cocoa seeds and the discovery of the cotyledons of the resultant plants as rich sources of CSSV

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