Entomological Survey for Sand Fly Fauna in Imamoglu Province (Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Endemic Region) of Adana, Turkey

Abstract

Leishmaniasis, presenting in two clinical forms, cutaneous and visceral in Turkey, is widespread in most of the countries in the Mediterranean Basin. An average of 10 to 13% of cases are reported from Adana every year. This paper presents the results of an entomological survey in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Imamoglu province of Adana in Turkey.We collected 654 sand fly specimen using 100 light traps in 20 nights in August 2013 and July 2014. Several keys and previous drawings were used in the identification of the species. In total, six Phlebotomus species were identified; Phlebotomus tobbi (50.3%), Phlebotomus papatasi (34%), Phlebotomus perfiliewi (2.9%), Phlebotomus sergenti (0.4%), Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus (0.8%), and Sergentomyia spp. (11.5%). In addition, the female/male rate was found to be 0.84.Collected sand flies (44 pools of 1-10 individuals) were analyzed microscopically, and no promastigotes were found in the midgut specimens. Using a genus specific real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of Old Word Leishmania. We detected only 3 of the 44 pools with Leishmania by genus-specific real-time PCR assay.P. tobbi was found to be dominant species in spite of the differences in sand fly fauna composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for sand fly fauna including 15 villages where endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Imamoglu, Adana Province, Turkey.

Phlebotomine sand fly survey in the focus of leishmaniasis in Madrid, Spain (2012–2014): seasonal dynamics, Leishmania infantum infection rates and blood meal preferences

“…Nevertheless, the combination of these two methodologies allows an extensive and comprehensive study of infection rates and characterization of Leishmania parasites as reported in Italy, Turkey and Israel [ 47 – 49 ]. Mean infection rates found by dissection in the present work are similar to some studies carried out in Spain [ 4 , 50 – 53 ] but higher than reported in other countries [ 26 , 47 , 48 , 54 ]. The infection rates found in this study showed different pattern during the three surveys, possibly due to differences observed in the number of sand fly captures.…”

The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries

“…infection rates in sand flies analysed individually ranged between 0% and 1.96% (Table 3) (Bolukbas et al, 2016; Özbel et al, 2016; Svobodová et al, 2009; Töz et al, 2009). Similarly, minimum infection rates in pooled sand fly samples were between 0.63% and 5.17% (Demir & Karakuş, 2015; Karakuş, Arserim, et al, 2019; Karakuş et al, 2017; Kavur et al, 2018; Kavur et al, 2015; Özbel et al, 2020).…”

Bir kutanöz leishmaniasis endemik bölgesi olan Adana’nın Karaisalı ilçesinde kum sineği faunası ve çevresel parametrelerin belirlenmesi

“…According to the previous entomological survey results18 probable sand fly species have been identified in Turkey 5,8,28,29 . Five of them (P. papatasi, P. sergenti, P. neglectus/syriacus, P. perfiliewiand P. tobbi) were detected in our study area 8,30 . Our results are associated with the results of previous studies in that there is a relationship between environmental factors and presence of vector species.…”

“…According to the various entomological survey results;six Phlebotomus species (P. tobbi, P. syriacus, P. perfiliewi, P. papatasi, P. sergenti and P. simici) exist in Adana. In addition P. tobbi was found to be dominant species in Adana and Cukurova Region [5][6][7][8][9] .…”