Enterprise Security for the Internet of Things (IoT): Lightweight Bootstrapping with EAP-NOOB

Abstract

The emergence of radio technologies, such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth Mesh, has transformed simple physical devices into smart objects that can understand and react to their environment. Devices, such as light bulbs, door locks, and window blinds, can now be connected to, and remotely controlled from, the Internet. Given the resource-constrained nature of many of these devices, they have typically relied on the use of universal global shared secrets for the initial bootstrapping and commissioning phase. Such a scheme has obvious security weaknesses and it also creates undesirable walled-gardens where devices of one ecosystem do not inter-operate with the other. In this paper, we investigate whether the standard Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) framework can be used for secure bootstrapping of resource-constrained devices. EAP naturally provides the benefits of per-device individual credentials, straightforward revocation, and isolation of devices. In particular, we look at the Nimble out-of-band authentication for EAP (EAP-NOOB) as a candidate EAP authentication method. EAP-NOOB greatly simplifies deployment of such devices as it does not require them to be pre-provisioned with credentials of any sort. Based on our implementation experience on off-the-shelf hardware, we demonstrate that lightweight EAP-NOOB is indeed a way forward to securely bootstrap such devices.

Secure Network Access Authentication for IoT Devices: EAP Framework vs. Individual Protocols

“…Moreover, several open source implementations of EAP are available and all major operating systems today ship with an EAP implementation. The lock-step nature of the protocol implies that EAP can be implemented easily even on resource-constrained devices as shown by Peltonen et al [14]. Peltonen et al also demonstrate that the overhead introduced by EAP packet headers is rather small when compared to the size of public keys and signatures.…”