Enteroviruses

Craighead, John E.

doi:10.1016/b978-012195160-3/50002-9

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…These primary awareness programs, together with the vaccination campaign, initiated in the fifties, paved the way for the GPEI created in 1988, which aimed to eradicate the virus. Over the subsequent years, following the initial discovery of poliovirus, over 100 enterovirus serotypes have now been discovered with nearly 70 species infecting humans ( Craighead, 2000 ). Non-polio EV can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, ranging from hand-foot and mouth disease to aseptic meningitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterovirus D68 – The New Polio?

et al. 2018

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Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has emerged over the recent years, with large outbreaks worldwide. Increased occurrence has coincided with improved clinical awareness and surveillance of non-polio enteroviruses. Studies showing its neurotropic nature and the change in pathogenicity have established EV-D68 as a probable cause of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM). The EV-D68 storyline shows many similarities with poliovirus a century ago, stimulating discussion whether EV-D68 could be ascertaining itself as the “new polio.” Increasing awareness amongst clinicians, incorporating proper diagnostics and integrating EV-D68 into accessible surveillance systems in a way that promotes data sharing, will be essential to reveal the burden of disease. This will be a necessary step in preventing EV-D68 from becoming a threat to public health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterovirus D68 – The New Polio?

et al. 2018

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“…EVs form one genus of the Picornaviridae , a family of small, non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that are globally widespread [ 2 ]. EVs are composed by nearly 100 serotypes of coxsackievirus, echovirus, and poliovirus, and are transmitted by (1) fecal-oral, (2) respiratory droplet, and (3) water, food, and fomites [ 3 ]. EVs in the environment are mainly found in water sources, including sewage systems, causing diseases that can present with neurological complications [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses from Guatemalan wastewater isolated from human lung fibroblasts

Sayyad,

Harrington,

Castro

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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The Global Specialized Polio Laboratory at CDC supports the Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network with environmental surveillance (ES) to detect the presence of vaccine strain polioviruses, vaccine-derived polioviruses, and wild polioviruses in high-risk countries. Environmental sampling provides valuable supplementary information, particularly in areas with gaps in surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) mainly in children less than 15 years. In collaboration with Guatemala’s National Health Laboratory (Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Guatemala), monthly sewage collections allowed screening enterovirus (EV) presence without incurring additional costs for sample collection, transport, or concentration. Murine recombinant fibroblast L-cells (L20B) and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells are used for the isolation of polioviruses following a standard detection algorithm. Though non-polio-Enteroviruses (NPEV) can be isolated, the algorithm is optimized for the detection of polioviruses. To explore if other EV’s are present in sewage not found through standard methods, five additional cell lines were piloted in a small-scale experiment, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used for the identification of any EV types. Human lung fibroblast cells (HLF) were selected based on their ability to isolate EV-A genus. Sewage concentrates collected between 2020–2021 were isolated in HLF cells and any cytopathic effect positive isolates used for NGS. A large variety of EVs, including echoviruses 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 19, 25, 29; coxsackievirus A13, B2, and B5, EV-C99, EVB, and polioviruses (Sabin 1 and 3) were identified through genomic typing in NGS. When the EV genotypes were compared by phylogenetic analysis, it showed many EV’s were genomically like viruses previously isolated from ES collected in Haiti. Enterovirus occurrence did not follow a seasonality, but more diverse EV types were found in ES collection sites with lower populations. Using the additional cell line in the existing poliovirus ES algorithm may add value by providing data about EV circulation, without additional sample collection or processing. Next-generation sequencing closed gaps in knowledge providing molecular epidemiological information on multiple EV types and full genome sequences of EVs present in wastewater in Guatemala.

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“…Enteroviruses do not replicate in the intestinal surface epithelium cells, but rather do so in the Payer patches of submucosa and in the regional mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, polioviruses can start to replicate in tonsils when crossing the nasopharyngeal squamous epithelium; then the poliovirus (especially in association with tonsillectomy) may quickly enter the nerve endings and can reach the brain stem [4]. Nevertheless, viraemic spread is the traditionally accepted route, how poliovirus invades the CNS in order to involve the large motoneurons of the anterior horns in spinal cord causing their destruction [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Virus Spread and Virion Components as Tools of Virulence

Rajčáni

2003

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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Despite of differences in replication strategy among virus families, some basic principles have remained similar. Analogous mechanisms govern virus entry into cells and the use of enzymes which direct the replication of the virus genome. The function of many cell surface receptors (such as glycosoaminoglycans, glycoproteins, proteins) which interact with viral capsid proteins or envelope glycoproteins has recently been elucidated. The list of cellular receptors (Table I) is still far from being final. The capsid components, similarly as the envelope glycoproteins, may form specific pocket like sites, which interact with the cell surface receptors. Neutralizing antibodies usually react with antigenic domains adjacent to the receptor binding site(s) and hamper the close contact inevitable for virion attachment. In the case of more complex viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, different viral glycoproteins interact with several cellular receptors. At progressed phase of adsorption the virions are engulfed into endocytic vesicles and the virion fusion domain(s) become(s) activated. The outer capsid components of reoviruses which participate in adsorption and fusion may get activated already in the lumen of digestive tract, i.e. before their engulfment by resorptive epithelium cells. Activation of the hydrophobic fusion domain(s) is a further important step allowing to pass through the lipid bilayer when penetrating the cell membrane in order to reach the cytosol. Activation of the virion fusion domain is accomplished by a conformation change, which occurs at acid pH (influenza virus hemagglutinin, sigma 1 protein of the reovirus particle) and/or after protease treatment. The herpes simplex virus fusion factors (gD and gH) undergo conformation changes by a pH-independent mechanism triggered due to interaction with the cell surface receptor(s) and mediated by mutual interactions with the viral envelope glycoproteins. The virion capsid or envelope components participating in the entry and membrane fusion are not the only tools of virulence. The correct function of virus coded proteins, which participate in replication of the viral genome, and/or in the supply of necessary nucleotides, may be very essential. In the case of enteroviruses, which RNA interacts with ribosomes directly, the correct configuration of the non-coding viral RNA sequence is crucial for initiation of translation occurring in the absence of the classical "cap" structure.

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Enteroviruses

Cited by 4 publications

References 157 publications

Enterovirus D68 – The New Polio?

Enterovirus D68 – The New Polio?

Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses from Guatemalan wastewater isolated from human lung fibroblasts

Molecular Mechanisms of Virus Spread and Virion Components as Tools of Virulence

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