Enterovirus A71 Vaccines

Li, Mei-Ling; Shih, Shin‐Ru; Tolbert, Blanton S.; Brewer, Gary

doi:10.3390/vaccines9030199

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Thanks to considerable efforts deployed by the international health organizations for capacity building and sequencing in Africa during the current COVID-19 pandemic [46], African research teams working especially on NPEV could develop sequencing pipelines that allow the generation of more data for a better understanding of the genetic diversity of public health concerns such as EV-A71. Interestingly, the new, complete sequences could also be useful in large phylodynamic studies of EV-71 worldwide and for identification of epitopes or motives that could be targeted for the development of new vaccines or therapeutics or updates of the currently available countermeasures [5,41,47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there is no US FDA-approved antiviral agent or vaccine against EV-A71 available, three inactivated EV-A71 whole-virus vaccines were approved by the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and are commercially available in China [5]. WHO recommendations suggest that these vaccines based on the EV-A71-C4a subgenotype could be used worldwide as they cross-react with different genotypes of EV-A71 and exhibit a vaccine efficacy of at least 90% against EV-A71-associated HFMD and 100% against EV-A71-associated HFMD with neurologic complications [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Enterovirus A71 in Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Senegal, 2013–2020

et al. 2022

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Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a non-polio enterovirus that currently represents a major public health concern worldwide. In Africa, only sporadic cases have been reported. Acute flaccid paralysis and environmental surveillance programs have been widely used as strategies for documenting the circulation of polio and non-polio enteroviruses. To date, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of enterovirus A71 in Africa where resources and diagnostic capacities are limited. To fill this gap in Senegal, a total of 521 non-polio enterovirus isolates collected from both acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance (ES) programs between 2013 and 2020 were screened for enterovirus A71 using real-time RT-PCR. Positive isolates were sequenced, and genomic data were analyzed using phylogeny. An overall rate of 1.72% (9/521) of the analyzed isolates tested positive for enterovirus A71. All positive isolates originated from the acute flaccid paralysis cases, and 44.4% (4/9) of them were isolated in 2016. The nine newly characterized sequences obtained in our study included eight complete polyprotein sequences and one partial sequence of the VP1 gene, all belonging to the C genogroup. Seven out of the eight complete polyprotein sequences belonged to the C2 subgenotype, while one of them grouped with previous sequences from the C1 subgenotype. The partial VP1 sequence belonged to the C1 subgenotype. Our data provide not only new insights into the recent molecular epidemiology of enterovirus A71 in Senegal but also point to the crucial need to set up specific surveillance programs targeting non-polio enteroviruses at country or regional levels in Africa for rapid identification emerging or re-emerging enteroviruses and better characterization of public health concerns causing acute flaccid paralysis in children such as enterovirus A71. To estimate the real distribution of EV-A71 in Africa, more sero-epidemiological studies should be promoted, particularly in countries where the virus has already been reported.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Enterovirus A71 in Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Senegal, 2013–2020

et al. 2022

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“…Вакцины лицензированы NMPA (National Medical Products Administration -Национальное управление по медицинской продукции), при этом их безопасность и эффектив ность подтверждена в ходе III фазы клинических испытаний. Исследования по оценке иммуноген ности вакцин показали следующее: не менее 90% против EVА71ассоциированного ЭВС с экзан темой и 100% -против неврологических ослож нений, связанных с данным возбудителем [48]…”

Section: вакцинопрофилактикаunclassified

Enterovirus vesicular stomatitis with exanthema: Epidemiological Features and Vaccination

Sytaya

Mindlina

2022

Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention

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Relevance. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a disease that is extremely relevant for the Russian Federation. According to modern data, epidemic outbreaks of severe course involving a large number of children are registered in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the mortality rate varies worldwide and can range from 6.46 to 51.00 per 100 thousand population. In addition, the fact that the Russian Federation borders with East and Southeast Asia annually increases the risk of HFMD entering the territory of Russia. Every year, the disease causes more than 2 million hospitalizations in Asia. Aims. According to the literature, to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in the Russian Federation and the world, as well as the prospects for vaccination of this infection. To achieve this goal, open sources hosted in the electronic databases PubMed, Medline and e-Library were used. Publications on enterovirus infection for the period from 2014 to 2022 are analyzed. The WHO (Western Pacific Region) statistics on HFMD were also used. Results. According to the modern literature, HFMD is the most common clinical form of enterovirus infection, which is characterized by high heterogeneity of pathogens. Over the past few years, the incidence of enterovirus infection in many subjects of the Russian Federation has been characterized by an upward trend. The most unfavorable epidemic situation in the Russian Federation is observed on the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District, where the largest number of cases of enterovirus infection is registered. In 2018, 1058 cases of enterovirus infection were detected in the Sakhalin region (222.6 cases per 100 thousand). The structure of enterovirus infection in the Russian Federation is dominated by exanthemic forms, herpangina and gastroenteritis. It is necessary to consider the introduction of vaccination of the child population, since rises in the incidence of enterovirus infection in various regions are registered annually on the territory of the Russian Federation. Vaccines against EV-A71 are already being used in China for epidemic indications. The active circulation of HFMD in the Asia-Pacific region may affect the spread of enterovirus infection in the territory of the Russian Federation, as the risk of imported cases of infection and the formation of epidemic foci of group morbidity increases.

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“…To prevent the spread of EVs, simple hygienic measures, such as hand washing after diaper changing, are very useful [ 103 ]. Recently, there have been three inactivated enterovirus A71 vaccines licensed in China, and other types of other vaccines are also under development [ 104 , 105 ].…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Viral Infections Involving the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients

et al. 2021

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Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are mainly caused by viruses, and these infections can be life-threatening in pediatric patients. Although the prognosis of CNS infections is often favorable, mortality and long-term sequelae can occur. The aims of this narrative review were to describe the specific microbiological and clinical features of the most frequent pathogens and to provide an update on the diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for viral CNS infections in children. A literature analysis showed that the most common pathogens worldwide are enteroviruses, arboviruses, parechoviruses, and herpesviruses, with variable prevalence rates in different countries. Lumbar puncture (LP) should be performed as soon as possible when CNS infection is suspected, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples should always be sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Due to the lack of specific therapies, the management of viral CNS infections is mainly based on supportive care, and empiric treatment against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection should be started as soon as possible. Some researchers have questioned the role of acyclovir as an empiric antiviral in older children due to the low incidence of HSV infection in this population and observed that HSV encephalitis may be clinically recognizable beyond neonatal age. However, the real benefit-risk ratio of selective approaches is unclear, and further studies are needed to define appropriate indications for empiric acyclovir. Research is needed to find specific therapies for emerging pathogens. Moreover, the appropriate timing of monitoring neurological development, performing neuroimaging evaluations and investigating the effectiveness of rehabilitation during follow-up should be evaluated with long-term studies.

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Enterovirus A71 Vaccines

Cited by 46 publications

References 75 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Enterovirus A71 in Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Senegal, 2013–2020

Molecular Epidemiology of Enterovirus A71 in Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Senegal, 2013–2020

Enterovirus vesicular stomatitis with exanthema: Epidemiological Features and Vaccination

Update on Viral Infections Involving the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients

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