Enterovirus 71 Outbreaks, Taiwan: Occurrence and Recognition

Dynamic Constitution of the Pathogens Inducing Encephalitis in Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Kunming, 2009–2011

“…Viruses such as coxsakievirus A9 (CV-A9), coxsakievirus B4 (CV-B4), and other echoviruses have been reported as other potential causative agents of HFMD (16)(17)(18)(19). Although EV-A71 has frequently been identified as the major pathogen that causes HFMD-related deaths (20,21), to the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic analysis undertaken of the pathogens responsible for neurological injuries in HFMD patients.…”

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Enteroviruses Associated with Encephalitis in Children from India

“…The clinical manifestations of EVs range from conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infection, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal sepsis, like illness (1,26). Encephalitis is a rare presentation of EV infection, but many EV serotypes (coxsackievirus [CV] A9, A10, and B5, echovirus [ECV] 4, 5, 9, 11, 19, and 30, and EV 71, 75, 76 and 89) have been reported in encephalitis cases from different parts of the world (2,4,12,17,18,27).…”

Three-step method for the amplification of the coxsackievirus A10 genome

“…Several large epidemics of HFMD have been reported in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in Southeast Asia, since 1997 (Lu et al, 2012). Previous studies have shown that outbreaks of HFMD are mainly caused by human enterovirus 71 (EV-71), CV-A6, and CV-A16 (Chang et al, 1999;Yan et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2003;Osterback et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2010). In addition, outbreaks or sporadic cases may also be caused by other human enteroviruses, such as CV-A10.…”