“…Nevertheless, pathogenic bacteria such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Helicobacter pylori, or Salmonella enterica can disturb the integrity and function of the intestinal epithelium. After adhesion to host cells, these pathogens efface MV by translocation of virulence proteins that modify (a) actin, (b) increase the adhesion surface, in the case of EPEC and H. pylori, or (c) alter the transporter expression and localization by ribosylating toxins as the labile toxin (LT) of ETEC (Segal et al, 1996;Tan et al, 2009;Wong et al, 2011;Sheikh et al, 2022;Felipe-Lopez et al, 2023).…”