Enterococcus faecalis-Induced Nuclear Factor-Kappa Beta and Osteocalcin Expressions in Rat's Periapical Tissue Damage

Abstract

Root canal treatment failure is mostly caused by the elimination of bacteria and their products improperly. Besides, the root canal treatment failure can also be caused by both external objects, such as filling material and traumatic injury. [1] E. faecalis are Gram-positive bacteria commonly found in the root canal of chronic apical periodontitis. [2] Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is the main virulence component of Enterococcus faecalis which can induce inflammation and generate immune response by the host. [3] The bond of Toll Likr receptor 2 and LTA then triggers a signaling for activation of the natural immune response through activation and transcription of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κβ) factor, the main regulator of the inflammatory response. [4] NF-κβ is also considered as a complex protein controlling proinflammatory cytokines. NF-κβ can be activated in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. [5] The expression of NF-κβ will result in stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These proinflammatory cytokines then can stimulate bone damage. The main cells that play a role in bone resorption are osteoclasts. [6] Osteocalcin is a noncollagen protein derived from bone and dentine. Osteocalcin plays a role in calcium ionization and homeostasis. Osteocalcin is a biomarker of bone resorption