Enterochromaffin Cells of the Human Gut: Sensors for Spices and Odorants

Bräun, Thomas; Voland, Petra; Kunz, Lars; Prinz, Christian; Gratzl, Manfred

doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.036

Cited by 225 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Beginning in 2000, ORs have been repeatedly reported also to be expressed in non-olfactory tissues (De la Cruz et al 2009;Feldmesser et al 2006;Zhang et al 2007) where they play additional roles. Some ORs govern sperm chemotaxis (Fukuda and Touhara 2006;Spehr et al 2004), inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation (Neuhaus et al 2009), regulate cell migration and adhesion in muscle (Griffin et al 2009), and regulate serotonin secretion of gastro-intestinal cells (Braun et al 2007;Kidd et al 2008). ORs are also reported to be tumor markers (Leja et al 2009;Weng et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of mammalian olfactory receptors and docking of odorants

et al. 2012

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Olfactory receptors (ORs) belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the second largest class of genes after those related to immunity, and account for about 3 % of mammalian genomes. ORs are present in all multicellular organisms and represent more than half the GPCRs in mammalian species (e.g., the mouse OR repertoire contains >1,000 functional genes). ORs are mainly expressed in the olfactory epithelium where they detect odorant molecules, but they are also expressed in a number of other cells, such as sperm cells, although their functions in these cells remain mostly unknown. It has recently been reported that ORs are present in tumoral tissues where they are expressed at different levels than in healthy tissues. A specific OR is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, and activation of this OR has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of these cells. Odorant stimulation of some of these receptors results in inhibition of cell proliferation. Even though their biological role has not yet been elucidated, these receptors might constitute new targets for diagnosis and therapeutics. It is important to understand the activation mechanism of these receptors at the molecular level, in particular to be able to predict which ligands are likely to activate a particular receptor ('deorphanization') or to design antagonists for a given receptor. In this review, we describe the in silico methodologies used to model the three-dimensional (3D) structure of ORs (in the more general framework of GPCR modeling) and to dock ligands into these 3D structures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of mammalian olfactory receptors and docking of odorants

et al. 2012

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“…The 5-HT release into the lumen or lamina propria then acts either on enterocytes or on mucosal afferents nerves in the lamina propria, initiating both secretion and propulsive motor patterns. Activation of EC by a range of stimuli induces a rise in intracellular calcium which causes the release of prestored 5-HT from the basal granules (Braun et al, 2007). Luminal administration of 5-HT, mimicking a release from the 5-HT containing EC elicits a nervous stimulation of fluid secretion in the rat (Cassuto et al, 1982;Sjöqvist et al, 1992).…”

Section: Enterochromaffin Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Whole Shebang: The Gastrointestinal Tract,Escherichia coliEnterotoxins and Secretion

2012

Current Issues in Molecular Biology

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This review focuses on diarrhea caused by toxins released by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. These bacteria are known to produce toxins that have adverse effects on the intestinal tissue in Man and animals. E. coli is contracted through the ingestion of water or food contaminated by this bacterium. Generally, E. coli colonizes the intestinal mucosa where it multiplies and causes damage to the target cells or interferes with the homeostasis that prevails in the gastrointestinal tract. Enteropathogens such as E. coli are only able to exhibit their effects after colonization of the intestinal mucosa from where they release their toxins. These bacteria mainly affect chloride ions secretion through second messenger pathways resulting in secretory diarrhea. In this review, the association of bacteria with the gastrointestinal tract as pathogens and the resulting effects on the various systems of the intestine, including the nervous system and mediators leading to secretion and diarrhea are examined.

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“…However, the BON cells were proposed as a model (Kim et al, 2001), that will enhance further research. When EC were stimulated by odors, they released serotonin, showing that these cells can also be stimulated by spices and fragrances (Braun et al, 2007). Moreover, a new method was proposed allowing isolating and purifying EC from biopsies (Modlin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Neuropeptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%