Enteric Viruses in Water

Clarke, Norman A.; Chang, Shih L.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1959.tb20771.x

Cited by 47 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Advanced waste water treatment methods, like the activated sludge process, may greatly reduce chemical pollution, but potential microbial pathogens may persist (Berg, 1973;Clarke & Chang, 1959). However, it has been suggested that low-level circulation of pathogens in our water systems may assist in the maintenance of general immunity (Chang, 1968; Mosley, 1967), although it is more generally agreed that pathogen-free supplies are desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Hajenian

Butler

1980

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe influence of pH and temperature on the efficiency of chlorine inactivation of two unrelated picornaviruses in a typical urban wastewater effluent was examined. Temperature, unlike pH, had relatively little effect on the rate of inactivation. The pH effect was complex and the two viruses differed. The f2 coliphage was more sensitive to chlorine at low pH, but at all values there was a threshold above which additional chlorine resulted in very rapid inactivation. The amount of chlorine required for this was less at low than at high pH, although at pH values above 7 the extent of inactivation was about the same. There was no apparent correlation between pH and rate of inactivation of poliovirus but there was a suggestion that at a pH close to the isoelectric point of the virus it was less sensitive to chlorination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of viruses in municipal effluent by chlorine

Hajenian

Butler

1980

J. Hyg.

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“…3 Gilcreas and Kelly4 reported that the level of Coxsackie A virus was reduced about 60 per cent in sewage treated by the trickling filter processes. In a subsequent publication, Kelly, et al,5 reported that sedimentation in an Imhoff tank having a two-hour retention time had no destructive action on virus and that secondary treatment on a trickling filter, followed by sedimentation and chlorination, was not always effective in destroying virus in sewage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Enteric Viruses from Sewage by Activated Sludge Treatment

Clarke¹,

Stevenson²,

Chang³

et al. 1961

Am J Public Health Nations Health

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“…Infectious hepatitis, polio, echo, Coxsackie, and adenoviruses are a few of those viruses that have been found in the feces of in fected humans. 2 Several investigators have reported *At the time that the paper was being researched, Mr. York was a graduate asst. at Clemson Univ., Clemson, S. C. enteric viruses found in both raw wastewater and in the effluents from wastewater-treatment plants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%