Enteric Viruses in Raw Vegetables and Groundwater Used for Irrigation in South Korea

Cheong, Sooryun; Lee, Cheonghoon; Song, Seung‐Wan; Choi, Weon Cheon; Lee, Chan Hee; Kim, Sang-Jong

doi:10.1128/aem.01629-09

Cited by 96 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Asymptomatic rotavirus infection also occurs frequently in both children and adults, possibly related also to partial immune protection following earlier infection. These data highlight the risk that rotavirus shed by healthy people may be transmitted to susceptible non-immune subjects, as the newborn, directly or through environmental and/ or foodstuff contamination circuits [31,32].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Rotavirus Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Ruggeri

Fiore

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. Rotavirus and poliovirus are paradigmatic viruses for causing major diseases affecting the human population. The impact of poliovirus is remarkably diminished because of vaccination during the last half century. Poliomyelitis due to wild polio currently affects a limited number of countries, and since 2000 sporadic outbreaks have been associated to neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses. Conversely, rotavirus is presently very diffuse, accounting for the largest fraction of severe gastroenteritis among children <5 years-old. Vaccination towards rotavirus is still in its dawn, and zoonotic strains contribute to the emergence and evolution of novel strains pathogenic to man. The environment, particularly surface water, is a possible vehicle for large transmission of both viruses, but environmental surveillance of circulating strains can help promptly monitor entry of new virulent strains into a country, their shedding and spread.Key words: rotavirus, poliovirus, vaccine, waterborne transmission, surveillance. Riassunto (Malattie virali prevenibili con la vaccinazione e rischi associati alla trasmissione idrica).Rotavirus e poliovirus sono virus paradigmatici nel causare malattie importanti della popolazione umana. L'impatto dei poliovirus è diminuito marcatamente durante mezzo secolo di vaccinazione. La poliomielite dovuta a polio selvaggio affligge solo un limitato numero di paesi, e dal 2000 epidemie sporadiche sono state associate a poliovirus nerurovirulenti vaccino-derivati. Al contrario, rotavirus è oggi molto diffuso, essendo implicato nella maggiore parte dei casi di gastroenterite grave nei bambini di meno di 5 anni. La vaccinazione contro i rotavirus è ancora agli albori, e ceppi zoonotici contribuiscono all'emergenza ed evoluzione di nuovi ceppi patogeni per l'uomo. L'ambiente, in particolare le acque superficiali, è un possibile veicolo per la trasmissione di entrambi i virus, ma la sorveglianza ambientale dei ceppi circolanti può aiutare a monitorare prontamente l'ingresso di nuovi ceppi virulenti in un paese, il loro rilascio e diffusione.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Rotavirus Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Ruggeri

Fiore

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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“…The occurrence of enteroviruses in coastal waters in both bathing and non-bathing sites is documented worldwide [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Enteroviruses have also been found in rivers [49,[51][52][53][54][55], lakes [56,57], groundwater [29, [58][59][60][61] and in both untreated and finished drinking water supplies [30,38,55,62,63]. Despite the widespread presence of these viruses, however, few drinking water-related outbreaks have been reported [64][65][66][67], only two outbreaks of recreational waterborne coxsackievirus, nine echovirus outbreaks concentrated between 1990 and 2005 [11] and sporadic echovirus 30 outbreaks in swimming pool.…”

Section: Enterovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Rosa

Fratini

Libera

et al. 2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

112

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Abstract. Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.Key words: viruses, waterborne, emerging, drinking water, recreational water. Riassunto (Infezioni emergenti e potenzialmente emergenti in ambienti acquatici).I virus sono tra i principali agenti di infezioni emergenti, in quanto sono in grado di acquisire nuove caratteristiche biologiche attraverso fenomeni di mutazione, ricombinazione e riassortimento genico, adattandosi così a nuovi ospiti e nuove nicchie ecologiche. I virus enterici sono tra le principali cause di malattie infettive di origine idrica, che possono manifestarsi come casi sporadici o cluster epidemici. Le manifestazioni cliniche più comuni sono le gastroenteriti; tuttavia i virus enterici sono in grado di causare anche sintomi respiratori, congiuntiviti, epatiti, infezioni del sistema nervoso centrale e malattie croniche. La presente rassegna fornisce una panoramica dei virus enterici tradizionalmente associati alle malattie idrotrasmesse; mostra inoltre dati epidemiologici su alcuni gruppi di virus che non sono stati associati a malattie idrodiffuse in passato (inclusi virus respiratori ed epiteliotropici), ma che possono rappresentare nuovi patogeni emergenti a causa della loro presenza e persistenza in ambienti acquatici.Parole chiave: virus, malattie idrotrasmesse, patogeni emergenti, acque potabili, acque ricreative.

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“…Norovirus may be found in supply waters used in primary production, e.g. ground water (Cheong et al, 2009;Borchardt et al, 2012) and river water (Wyn-Jones et al, 2011;Maunula et al, 2013) which they can contaminate via the ingress of sewage, e.g. through outflow from a sewage treatment plant, or failure of a sewage system.…”

Section: Specific Mitigation Options To Reduce the Risk Of Norovirus mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries)

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

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Berries are a perishable food which can be consumed as fresh or minimally‐processed as well as a frozen ingredient added to many foods. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries are the most commonly consumed in the EU. Risk factors for berry contamination by Salmonella and Norovirus were considered in the context of the whole food chain. Available estimates of the prevalence of these pathogens in berries were evaluated together with mitigation options relating to prevention of contamination and the relevance of microbiological criteria. It was concluded that each farm environment represents a unique combination of risk factors that can influence occurrence and persistence of pathogens in berry production. Appropriate implementation of food safety management systems including Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), should be primary objectives of berry producers. There is currently insufficient evidence to justify the establishment of microbiological criteria for Salmonella for fresh or frozen berries. Outbreaks associated with Norovirus in frozen raspberries and strawberries are an emerging public health risk, although it is not known if in these outbreaks contamination occurred at minimal processing or during primary production. It is currently not possible to assess the suitability of an EU‐wide Norovirus Hygiene Criterion at primary production for raspberries and strawberries. Microbiological criteria for Norovirus in berries are useful for validation and verification of food safety management systems, including HACCP‐based processes and procedures, and can be used to communicate to food business operators and other stakeholders what is acceptable or unacceptable, however there is insufficient data to provide a risk base for establishing a Process Hygiene and Food Safety Criteria for Norovirus in berries. Collection of appropriate data and subsequent risk‐based development of microbiological criteria to support improved control of Norovirus in frozen raspberries and strawberries should be considered as a priority.

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Enteric Viruses in Raw Vegetables and Groundwater Used for Irrigation in South Korea

Cited by 96 publications

References 48 publications

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Vaccine preventable viral diseases and risks associated with waterborne transmission

Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments

Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries)

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