Enteric viral infections in lambs or kids

Martella, Vito; Decaro, Nicola; Buonavoglia, Canio

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.006

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The sequence was closely related to BoAstV strains associated with non-suppurative encephalitis, identified in USA and Switzerland [15][16][17]. Although in mammalian species most strains were identified in fecal samples of healthy individuals or with enteric symptoms [42][43][44][45][46], in recent years an increasing number of neurotropic AstVs were identified in individuals with neurological clinical signs [10,15,16,[18][19][20]22,38,47]. In particular, in ruminant species, neurotropic AstV strains are genetically closely related and it appears that they may share a common genetic ancestor (Figure 2), although the link between the capacity for neuronal invasion and neurotropism of these AstVs with their genetic features is yet to be demonstrated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Zaccaria

Lorusso

Hierweger

et al. 2020

Viruses

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In this study, starting from nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue, Nanopore technology was used to identify the etiological agent of severe neurological signs observed in a cow which was immediately slaughtered. Histological examination revealed acute non-suppurative encephalomyelitis affecting the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, while by using PCR-based assays, the nucleic acids of major agents for neurological signs were not detected. By using Nanopore technology, 151 sequence reads were assigned to Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV). Real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of viral RNA in the brain. Moreover, using the combination of fluorescent ISH and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques, it was possible to detect BoAstV RNA and antigens in the same cells, suggesting the active replication of the virus in infected neurons. The nearly whole genome of the occurring strain (BoAstV PE3373/2019/Italy), obtained by Illumina NextSeq 500, showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (94.11%) with BoAstV CH13/NeuroS1 26,730 strain, an encephalitis-associated bovine astrovirus. Here, we provide further evidence of the role of AstV as a neurotropic agent. Considering that in a high proportion of non-suppurative encephalitis cases, which are mostly indicative of a viral infection, the etiologic agent remains unknown, our result underscores the value and versatility of Nanopore technology for a rapid diagnosis when the PCR-based algorithm gives negative results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Zaccaria

Lorusso

Hierweger

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…Many other viruses have been associated with enteric disease in small ruminants, including adenoviruses, astroviruses, bunyaviruses, and paramyxoviruses. 7 However, the relevance of these viruses to clinical practice in North America is unknown.…”

Section: Other Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants

Heller

Chigerwe

2018

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Common causes of infectious enteritis in neonate and juvenile ruminants include viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The most common presenting sign in ruminants with infectious enteritis is diarrhea. Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis has important zoonotic and herd health implications. Severity of clinical signs with similar pathogens may differ between calves and small ruminants. Treatment of enteritis involves supportive care to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, provision of nutritional support for neonates, prevention and treatment of endotoxemia or sepsis, and pathogen-specific treatments when relevant and available.

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“…Neonatal enteritis in goat kids and lambs 21 days of age, or younger, is one of the most common diseases causing high morbidity and mortality in these animals [2,10,14]. The impaired growth of neonatal goat kids and lambs afflicted with enteritis, the expenditures involved in treating these animals, and their increased mortality all have costly economic losses [2,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impaired growth of neonatal goat kids and lambs afflicted with enteritis, the expenditures involved in treating these animals, and their increased mortality all have costly economic losses [2,10]. Rotaviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, and coronaviruses appear to be the most common viruses that cause enteritis in humans and animals [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Detection of Viral Etiopathogenesis in Lambs and Goat Kids with Neonatal Diarrhea

Özmen

Halıgür

Aydoğan

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Neonatal enteritis is an important disease that causes deaths of animals before 3 weeks of age, and results in significant economic losses. Viral agents can predispose the young animals to secondary infections in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in lambs and goat kids younger than 21 days. Although the neonatal diarrhea is common in calves, there is still little knowledge about pathology, pathogenesis and immunohistochemical localization of viral agents that cause neonatal enteritis in lambs and goat kids. In this study, we carried out investigations with the aim of detecting adenovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus and herpes virus in the guts of goat kids and lambs with viral enteritis.Materials, Methods & Results: Adenovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus and herpes virus antisera were applied to paraffin-embedded intestinal tissue from neonatal lambs and kids that had died from enteritis. In addition, viral agents in the gut cells were detected and evaluated by electron microscopy. The study material consisted of 15 lambs and 15 goat kids that were presented for diagnosis. Viral agents were detected by immunohistochemically in 20 out of 30 animals. Rotavirus was diagnosed in 10 animals, adenovirus in five, herpes virus in three and coronavirus in two animals; and these results were supported by the electron microscopy. This study showed that viral agents play an important role in neonatal enteritis in lambs and kids.Discussion: Bacteria, viruses and protozoa may have a role in the etiology of neonatal enteritis and identifying the etiological agents is not always possible without laboratory studies. In addition, the immune system of the animal and environmental factors are important factors for to occurrence of the disease. The ages of the animals in present study varied between 1 and 21 days, but susceptibility to infection was most commonly observed between the ages of 1 and 12 days, and the infected animals immediately died after the appearance of clinical symptoms during this period. The most common clinical symptoms were fever, depression, dehydration, tenesmus, abdominal swelling and loss of appetite. Histopathological examinations revealed mild to severe lesions in the gut samples including hyperemia of vessels, submucosal edema, desquamation, erosion and ulcers of the epithelial layer of the gut, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosa. Enlargement of mucus-secreting cells was most commonly observed. These results are common in neonatal enteritis and an agreement with previous studies and classical knowledge about clinical and pathological findings in this study. The agents of neonatal diarrhea most often isolated in calves are rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. A diagnosis of viral agents can be made by immunohistochemical examination of tissue fixed in formalin. This study revealed that the most common viral agents in lambs and goat kids neonatal diarrhea was rotavirus. In this study, protozoal and bacterial contamination was also observed. Our current study also showed that coronavirus is not an important etiological factor, compared with other viral causes of diarrhea in small ruminants. However, according to a previous study by our group, its incidence has increased and may be an important viral agent in neonatal enteritis in the future. This study showed that viral etiology was very important to occurring of neonatal diarrhea, practitioners must be taken into consideration when meet this problem. One of the most important prophylactic measurements may be vaccination pregnant sheep or goat for passive immunity of offspring.

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Enteric viral infections in lambs or kids

Cited by 19 publications

References 94 publications

Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Detection of Astrovirus in a Cow with Neurological Signs by Nanopore Technology, Italy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants

Immunohistochemical Detection of Viral Etiopathogenesis in Lambs and Goat Kids with Neonatal Diarrhea

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