“…To block activation of protein kinase A (PKA) the inhibitor H89 (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany) at 30 M was used. We mimicked inflammation-induced breakdown of the intestinal barrier with cytomix: 10 ng/ml TNF␣ (Biomol, Hamburg, Germany), 10 g/ml IL-1 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and 0.05 g/ml interferon-␥ (Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), as reported previously (6). SB-202190 (Callbiochem) was used at 30 M to inhibit p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK).…”